Sampling
&
Sampling
DISTRIBUTION
Sampling
SCOPE
Population and sample
Parameter and statistic
Sampling methods and sampling
process.
Sampling distribution of sample
mean
Expected mean
Standard error
Central Limit theorem.
SCOPE
Population and sample
Parameter and statistic
Sampling methods and sampling
process.
Sampling distribution of sample
mean
Expected mean
Standard error
Central Limit theorem.
Population &
Sample
DEFINITION
A sample is a smaller part that is
intended to accurately describe
the larger whole.
It includes one or more
observations that are drawn from
the population
Population &
Sample
DEFINITION
The Sample size (n) The number
of individuals included in the
sample.
NOTE:
A larger number of samples from
a given population typically
provides a more accurate
representation.
Population &
Sample
DEFINITION
The Population is the entire group
that you want to draw conclusions
about.
This refers to the group of people,
events, or objects of any form.
Population &
Sample
DEFINITION
Comparison Population Sample
Meaning Collection of all the units or A subgroup of the members
elements that possess of the population
common characteristics
Inclusion Each element of a group Only includes a handful of
units of population
Characteristics Parameter Statistic
Data Collection Complete enumeration or Sampling or sample survey
census
Focus Identification of the Making inferences about the
characteristics population
Population or
Sample?
1. Amount of monthly pension received by senior
citizens in one city.
1
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
2. Score of all students in a math class.
2
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
3. Monthly salaries of employees in a company.
3
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
4. Number of tablets sold during the past week at all
computer stores in a mall.
4
SAMPLE
Population or
Sample?
5. Students enrolled in school along university belt.
5
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
6. Electric consumption of every household in the
NCR.
6
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
7. UST SHS contestants in the Philippine Mathematics
Olympiad.
7
SAMPLE
Population or
Sample?
8. Production output of a manufacturing company.
8
P O P U L AT I O N
Population or
Sample?
9. Weights of 40 packages for delivery.
9
SAMPLE
Population or
Sample?
10. Perceptions of 50% selected adults towards a
certain issue.
10
SAMPLE
Parameter &
Statistic
DEFINITION
The measurable characteristics
of the population such as
mean and standard deviation
are known as a parameter.
The measurable characteristic of
a sample is called statistic.
Parameter is to population
while statistic is to sample.
Parameter &
Statistic
DEFINITION
Formulas for variance and standard deviation
based on population and given sample.
Parameter &
Statistic
EXAMPLE
1. A group of social workers surveyed 5 million Filipino
families and determined that 82% of Filipino families
are financially affected by the pandemic.
Parameter:
The percentage of Filipino families affected financially
by the pandemic out of all Filipino families
Statistic:
The percentage (82%) obtained from the sample of 5
million families
Parameter &
Statistic
EXAMPLE
2. All SHS students in a school are surveyed about
their weights and an average weight of 118 pounds
was determined.
Parameter:
Average weight of 118 pounds
Parameter &
Statistic
EXAMPLE
3. Suppose the data report shows that, for the past 5
years, the average score of Grade 6 pupils in National
Achievement Test is 64.7.
Parameter:
The average score 64.7
Parameter &
Statistic
EXAMPLE
4. The teacher wanted to know the average internet
speed of her students. She asked 100 students out of
400 students and found an average of 24.3 megabits
per second.
Statistic: The average internet speed, 24.3 megabits
per second
Parameter &
Statistic
EXAMPLE
5. The University claims that on average it takes at
least 30 minutes to find a parking space on campus.
Parameter:
The average it takes to find a parking space campus
Sampling
DEFINITION
Sampling is the process of selecting a small
number of elements from a larger defined target
group.
Probability sampling involves random selection,
allowing you to make strong statistical inferences
about the whole group.
Non-probability sampling involves non-random
selection based on convenience or other criteria,
allowing you to easily collect data.
Sampling
TYPES
Probability sampling
researcher sets a selection of a few criteria and chooses
members of a population randomly. All the members have
an equal opportunity to be a part of the sample with this
selection parameter.
Non-probability sampling
samples are based on the subjective judgment, in which
not all members of the population have an equal chance
of participating in the study.
Sampling
SAMPLING METHODS
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE
SYSTEMATI STRATIFIED CLUSTER
RANDOM C SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING SAMPLING
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A simple random sampling
is a sampling method in which
all members of the population
have an equal chance of being
selected.
Random samples are selected
by using chance methods or
random numbers.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Systematic sampling is a
sampling method in which a
sample obtained by selecting
every kth member of the
population where k is a
counting number.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified sampling is a
method of sampling that
involves dividing a population
into homogeneous subgroups
or ‘strata’, and then randomly
selecting individuals from each
group for study.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Cluster sampling is a
sampling method in which
sample is obtained by
dividing the population into
sections or clusters and then
selecting one or more clusters
and using all members in the
cluster(s) as the members of
the sample.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
JUDGMENTAL
CONVENIENCE CONSECUTIVE OR QUOTA SNOWBALL
SAMPLING SAMPLING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience sampling is a
non-probability sampling
method where data is
collected from an easily
accessible and available group
of people.
The individuals in the sample are selected not because
they are most representative of the entire population, but
because they are most easily accessible to the researcher.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Judgmental or purposive
sampling or authoritative
sampling, is a non-probability
sampling technique where the
researcher selects units to be
sampled based on his own
existing knowledge, or his
professional judgment.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Consecutive sampling is done
by picking a single person or a
group of a sample, conducts
research over a period, analyzes
the results, and then moves on to
another subject or group if
needed
This sampling technique gives the researcher a chance to
work with many topics and fine-tune his/her research by
collecting results that have vital insights.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota sampling is a sampling
method that relies on the non-
random selection of a
predetermined number or
proportion of units.
This is called a quota.
Population is divided into mutually exclusive subgroups (called
strata) and then recruit sample units until you reach your quota.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Snowball sampling is a non-
probability sampling method
where new units are recruited
by other units to form part of
the sample. Snowball sampling
can be a useful way to conduct
research about people with
specific traits who might
otherwise be difficult to identify.
Sampling Method
EXERCISES
Sampling
DISTRIBUTION
Sampling
Distribution
DEFINITION
It is a probability distribution of a statistic obtained from a
larger number of samples drawn from a specific
population.
The sampling distribution of a given population is the
distribution of frequencies of a range of different
outcomes that could possibly occur for a statistic of a
population.
Sampling
Distribution
DEFINITION
Sample Distribution of
Means
Population
Statistic A sampling distribution
Sam
pl
is a probability distribution
e pl
m
Statistic
e
of a statistic that is obtained
Sa
Sampl through repeated sampling
e Statistic
of a specific population.
Parameter:
Sampling
Distribution
KEY POINTS
A sampling distribution is a probability distribution of a
statistic that is obtained through repeated sampling of a
specific population.
It describes a range of possible outcomes for a statistic, such
as the mean or mode of some variable, of a population.
Most data analyzed by researchers are samples, not
populations.