Chapter 4

Threaded Fasteners
 TOPICS

Introduction

Thread terminology

Thread drawing and dimensioning

Threaded fastener
Introduction
A machine element used for holding or joining two or
more parts of a machine or structure is known as a
fastener.
The process of joining the parts is called fastening.
The fasteners are of two types : permanent and
removable (temporary).
 Riveting and welding processes are used for
fastening permanently.
Screwed fasteners such as bolts, studs and nuts in
combination, machine screws, set screws, etc., and
keys, cotters, couplings, etc., are used for fastening
components that require frequent assembly and
disassembly.
 FASTENING TYPE
1. Permanent
Welding Gluing Riveting
 FASTENING TYPE
2. Temporary

2.1 Threaded fastener

- bolts (through, tap)
- studs
- screws (CAP , Machine, set)

2.2 Non-threaded fastener

key
- keys
- pin
 THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.

Part A Part B

Part C
 THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.

Wood working vise Palm fruit pressing machine

Thread Terminology
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
External (male) A thread cut on the outside of
thread a cylindrical body.

Internal (female) A thread cut on the inside of

thread a cylindrical body.

External thread
Internal thread
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Right-hand Thread that will assemble when
thread turned clockwise.

Left-hand Thread that will assemble when

thread turned counter-clockwise.

Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread at

each end to double displacement.
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Crest The peak edge of a thread.

Root The bottom of the thread cut into

a cylindrical body.
Thread angle The angle between threads faces.

External Thread Internal Thread

Thread angle

Root Crest

Root Crest
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The largest diameter on
Major diameter
an internal or external thread.
The smallest diameter on
Minor diameter
an internal or external thread.

External Thread Internal Thread

Minor dia.

Major dia.

Major dia.
Minor dia.
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The distance between crests of
Pitch
threads.

Lead The distance a screw will advance

when turned 360o.

External Thread Internal Thread

Pitch
Pitch
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Form is the profile shape of the
Thread Form
thread.

Example :
“knuckle thread form”
Thread Drawing
THREAD REPRESENTATION

1. Detailed representation

2. Schematic representation

3. Simplified representation
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.

Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch 60o
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing
crests and roots of the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Root (thick line)

Pitch Crest (thin line)
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch/2

Root
Crest
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest
and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Sectional view
INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS
The only differences between the schematic and
simplified internal thread symbols occur in the sectional
views.

In the case of blind tapped holes, the drill depth normally is

drawn at least three schematic pitches beyond the thread 22
Square Threads

V- threads
ACME threads

Buttress threads
Whitworth Threads

25
 METRIC COARSE THREAD
[Table 9.1]
Nominal Major Pitch Minor Tap drill size
size diameter diameter
M6 6.00 1.00 4.92 5.00
M8 8.00 1.25 6.65 6.75
M10 10.00 1.50 8.38 8.50
M12 12.00 1.75 10.11 10.00

Metric thread
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used.
Minor diameter = Major diameter – Pitch
 METRIC FINE THREAD
[Table 9.2]
Nominal Major Pitch Minor Tap drill size
size diameter diameter
0.75 7.188 7.25
M8 8.00
1.00 6.917 7.00
0.75 9.188 9.25
M10 10.00 1.00 8.917 9.00
1.25 8.647 8.75

Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size

In thread drawing, the following relationship is used.

Minor diameter = Major diameter – Pitch

 DRAWING STEPS OF
EXTERNAL THREAD
Draw an arc that
represents a root.
Draw a circle that Draw Draw line making
represents a crest. 45o Chamfer 30o with thread axis

dia.
Major dia.
Draw
thread Minor
axis

Thread Length
Starting
position
 DRAWING
InternalSTEPS
ThreadOF
THREADED HOLE
1. Through threaded hole
Sectional view
Draw a crest
Draw a root root

crest
Major dia.

Minor dia.
Draw
thread
axis

Draw a circle that

represents a crest.
Section lines are drawn
Draw an arc that
into the crest of a thread.
represents a root.
 DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole

Major dia.
Draw Minor dia.
thread
axis

Draw a circle that

represents a crest. Thread depth
Draw an arc that Hole depth
represents a root.
 DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole
Sectional view
DIMENSIONING EXTERNAL THREAD
Use local note to specify :- thread form, nominal size,
pitch (if it is a fine thread)

Use typical method to specify :- thread length.

M 10 ×1.5 Coarse thread

×1.0 Fine thread

Thread
xx length
 DIMENSIONING THREADED HOLE

Use local note to

specify
8.50 Drill, 20 Deep,
1. Tap drill size
M10 Tapped, 15 Deep
2. Drill depth
3. Thread form
4. Nominal size
5. Pitch
6. Thread depth
Threaded Fastener
 Bolted joints
 A bolt and nut in combination is a fastening device
used to hold two parts together.
 The body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in
form,
 the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is formed
by forging.
 Screw threads are cut on the other end of the shank.
 Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
 The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the
bolt. 35
 BOLT : Terminology

Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.

Thread length

Length
Hexagonal head
Width Head
bolt and nut across flat thickness
 BOLT : Drawing steps

Draw an Draw a Draw

end view bolt head body of a bolt
of the head 30o

Draw

Major 
bolt B/2 B/2
axis

H Length
B
Thread Length

Starting
position
 NUT : Drawing steps

Draw an end view

of the nut B/2 B/2

H
B

Dash lines represent

a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
 BOLT : Application

2. Insert a washer.

3. Screw a nut.
1. Insert a bolt into
a clearance hole
Methods of drawing hexagonal (bolt head
and nut)

Method 1
Emperical relations:
Major or nominal diameter of bolt=D
Thickness of nut=T=D
WIDTH OF NUT across flat surface,
w=1.5D+3mm
Radius of chamfer,R=1.5D
1. Draw view from above by drawing a circle of diameter, W and
describe a regular hexagon on it, by keeping any two parallel sides of the
hexagon, horizontal.
2. Project the view from the front, and the view from side, and mark the
height equal to D.
3. With radius R, draw the chamfer arc 2-1-3 passing through the point 1
in the front face.
4. Mark points 4 and 5, lying in-line with 2 and 3.
5. Locate points 8,9 on the top surface, by projecting from the view from
above.
6. Draw the chamfers 4–8 and 5–9.
7. Locate points 6 and 7, lying at the middle of the outer two faces.
8. Draw circular arcs passing through the points 4, 6, 2 and 3, 7, 5, after
determining the radius R1 geometrically.
9. Project the view from the side and locate points 10, 11 and 12.
10. Mark points 13 and 14, lying at the middle of the two faces (view
from the side).
11. Draw circular arcs passing through the points 10, 13, 11 and 11, 14,
12, after determining the radius R2 geometrically.
42
 Method of drawing square bolt head
and nut
 Major or nominal diameter of bolt=D
 Thickness of nut=T=D
 WIDTH OF NUT across flats,
w=1.5D+3mm
 Radius of chamfer arc,R=2D

43
44
washers
 A washer is a cylindrical piece of metal with
a hole to receive the bolt.
 It is used to give a perfect seating for the
nut and to distribute the tightening force
uniformly to the parts under the joint.
 It also prevents the nut from damaging the
metal surface under the joint. Figure shows
a washer, with the proportions marked.

45
46
 Other Forms of Bolt
Square headed bolt
• Generally used when the head is to be accommodated in recess.
• Recess is also made up of square shape to prevent rotation of bolt.

Square neck to avoid rotation of

Bolt while tightening a nut.
47
 Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt Used when-
•Space for accommodating
bolt head is less.
•Rotation of bolt is prevented
by means of a pin

T- headed bolt
•Primarily used in machine tool tables.
•Fits in T slot provided on them.
•a square neck provided below the
head, prevents the rotation of the bolt
48
Counter sunk headed bolt.

•Used in application where head of

bolt must not project above the
surface of connected piece.
•It may provided with the neck of
square cross-section.

Hook Bolt
•This bolt passes through a hole of one
piece only.
•other piece is gripped by the hook shaped
bolt head.
•This is used when it is not possible to drill
hole in the piece adjoining bolt head.
49
 Eye Bolt-
•Bolt has circular ring as its head.
•Used as an appliance to lift heavy machines.

50
 Other forms of Nuts

Flanged nut a hexagonal nut with a flange,integral with it. This

permits the use of a bolt in a comparitively large size hole
Cap nut a hexagonal nut with a cylindrical cap at the top. This
design protects the end of the bolt from corrosion and leakage
through the threads.
Dome nut another form of a cap nut, having a spherical dome at
the top

51
Capstan nut This nut is cylindrical in shape, with holes drilled laterally
in the curved surface. A tommy barmay be used in the holes for turning
the nut
E-ring nut This nut is in the form of a ring, with slots in the curved
surface, running parallel to the axis. C-spanner is used to operate
the nut.
Wing nut This nut is used when frequent removal is required, such as
inspection covers, lids, etc. It is operated by the thumb
Other forms of Washers

53
 STUD
• Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends.
• It consists of cylindrical shank with threads cut on both the
ends
• It is used where there is no place for accommodating the bolt
head or when one of the parts to be joined is too thick to use
an ordinary bolt.
• The stud is first screwed into one of the two parts to be
joined, usually the thicker one.
 STUD : Terminology

Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends.

Thread length Thread length

Drawing
representation

Length
 STUD : Drawing steps

Draw Draw line making Draw

45o Chamfer 30o with axis 45o Chamfer
Minor 

Draw
Major

stud
axis

Thread Length Thread Length

Stud Length
Starting
position
STUD : Application

1. Drill a hole.
2. Tap a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.
 CAP SCREW : Terminology
Cap screw is similar to bolt, but has a longer thread than a
bolt and a variety of shapes of heads
• Cap screws are normally finished and are used on
machine tools and other machines when accuracy
and appearance are important.
CAP SCREW : Counterbore hole

x drill, x drill,w deep,

y C’bore, y C’bore,
z deep z deep

z
CAP SCREW : Countersink hole

x drill, x drill, w deep,

CSK to y Draw 90o CSK to y
y
 STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS
• Machine screws are similar to cap screws but are
usually smaller (.060" to .750" diameter) and the
threads generally go all the way to the head.
Cap screws and machine screws are similar in
shape, differing only in their relative sizes.
Machine screws are usually smaller in size,
compared to cap screws.
These are used for fastening two parts, one
with clearance hole and the other with tapped
hole.
The clearance of the unthreaded hole need not
be shown on the drawing as its presence is
obvious.
Figure below shows different types of machine
screws, with proportions marked.
 SET SCREW : Terminology
Set screw used to prevent relative motion
between
. two rotating parts by means of friction
between the point of the screw and one of the
parts, in light power transmission members.
SET SCREW : Application
Riveted joints
 Riveted joints
 Riveted joints are permanent fastenings and
riveting is one of the commonly used method of
producing rigid and permanent joints.
 Manufacture of boilers, storage tanks, etc.,
involve joining of steel sheets, by means of
riveted joints.
 The definitions of the terms, associated with
riveted joints are given below:

67
 Margin: It is the distance from the edge of the plate to the center of
the nearest rivet. It is usually taken as 1.5d, where d is the rivet
diameter. It is denoted by ‘m’.
 Chain riveting: If the rivets are used along a number of rows such
that the rivets in the adjacent rows are placed directly opposite to
each other, it is known as chain riveting

Pitch: It is the distance between

the centers of the adjacent
rivets in the same row. It is
denoted by ‘p’ and usually
taken as 3d, where d is the rivet
diameter.

68
 Zig-zag riveting: In a multi-row riveting, if the rivets in the
adjacent rows are staggered and are placed in-between those of the
previous row, it is known as zig-zag riveting
 Row pitch: It is the distance between two adjacent rows of rivets.
It is denoted by ‘pr’ and is given by,pr= 0.8p, for chain riveting
pr= 0.6p, for zig-zag riveting.
 Diagonal pitch: This term is usually associated with zig-zag
riveting and is denoted by ‘pd’. It is the distance between the
centre of a rivet in a row to the next rivet in the adjacent row.

69
Types of rivet heads
 Rivet joints are classified as: lap joints, butt
joints and combination of lap and butt joints
LAP JOINT
 In a lap joint, the plates to be riveted, overlap
each other.
 The plates to be joined are first beveled at the
edges, to an angle of about 80°.
 Depending upon the number of rows Riveted
Joints of rivets used in the joint, lap joints are
further classified as single riveted lap joint,
double riveted lap joint and so on.
71
Single riveted
lap joint

72
Double riveted
chain lap joint

73
Double riveted
zig-zag lap joint

74
 Butt rivet joints
 In a butt joint, the plates to be joined, butt against
each other, with a cover plate or strap, either on
one or both sides of the plates; the latter one
being preferred.
 In this joint, the butting edges of the plates to be
joined are square and the outer edges of the cover
plate(s) is(are) beveled.
 These joints are generally used for joining thick
plates, and are much stronger than lap joints.
 Figures 10.12 and 10.13 show single riveted single
strap and a single riveted double strap, butt joints
respectively.

75
Single riveted single
strap butt joint
(chain type)

76
Single riveted
double strap butt
joint (chain type)

77
Double riveted
double strap butt
joint(chain type)

78
KEYS
 keys
 Keys are machine elements used to prevent relative rotational
movement between a shaft and the parts mounted on it, such as
pulleys, gears, wheels, couplings, etc.
 For making the joint, grooves or keyways are cut on the surface of
the shaft and in the hub of the part to be mounted.
 For mounting a part at any intermediate location on the shaft, first
the key is firmly placed in the keyway of the shaft and then the part
to be mounted is slid from one end of the shaft, till it is fully engaged
with the key.

80
 Classification of keys
 Saddle keys
 Hollow saddle key
 Flat saddle key
 Sunk keys
 Taper sunk keys
 Parallel sunk keys
 Feather sunk keys

Woodruff key (adjustable) sunk keys
 Round keys
 Parallel pin
 Taper pin
 Tangent keys
 Kennedy keys
 Splined keys

81
A. Hollow saddle key
 This key has curved underside so that it can be placed on
the curved surface of the shaft.
 The keyway is cut in the mating piece (hub) only.
 Saddle key are taper keys and are sunk into the hub only.
Taper prevents axial movement along the shaft

 Saddle key is suitable for

light duty, since they rely on
a friction drive alone and are
liable to slip on the shaft
under load

82
 B. Flat saddle key
Flat surface
on the shaft

Let D = diameter of the shaft

Width of the key, W = D/4
Nominal thickness at large
end , T = W/3 = D/12
 holding force is comparative large Length
1.5D
of the key , L = D to

than the hollow saddle key Taper on the top surface =

83
 Sunk keys
 Sunk keys are sunk in the shaft and the hub. These keys are suitable
for heavy duty since they rely on positive drive.
 A. Taper sunk keys: This is the standard form of the key
and may be either of rectangular or square cross-section.
 The key is sunk in the shaft to a depth of half its nominal
thickness when measured at the side.
 The bottom surface of the key is straight and the top
surface is tapered, the magnitude of the taper being 1:100.
 A.1. Rectangular cross-section
let D = diameter of the shaft
width of the key W = D/4
nominal thickness T = (2/3)W = (1/6)D
 A.2. Square cross-section: T = W
84
Cont… Taper Sunk key

85
 B. Parallel sunk key
 It is uniform in width and
thickness throughout.
 It is thus taper-less and is used
where the pulley or other
mating piece is required to slide
along the shaft.
 It may be rectangular or square
cross-section and their ends
may be squared or rounded.
 This key may be fitted into the
keyway provided on the shaft
by two or more screws (Fig.
6.5) or into the hub of the
mounting.

86
 Cont…
 C. peg feather key: The peg fits into a hole in the hub of the sliding member (Fig.
6.6 a)
 D. single headed (Gib) feather key: In this, the key is provided with a head at one
end.
 The head is screwed to the hub of the part mounted on the shaft (Fig. 6.6 b).
 E. double headed (Gib) feather key: In this, the key is provided with heads(Gib)
on both ends.
 These heads prevent the axial movement of the key in the hub.
 F. Woodruff keys
Itis an adjustable sunk key in the
form of a semi-circular disc of uniform thickness.
The key fits into a semi-circular
keyway in the shaft and the top of the
key fits into a plain rectangular key
way in the hub of the wheel.

Since the key and the

key seat bear the same
radius , it has the
advantage of adjusting
itself to any taper of the
slot of the hub or boss of
wheel

88
G. Round key or Pin Key:

89
H. Spline keys
Sometimes, keys are made integral with the shaft
which fits in the keyways broached in the hub.
 Such shafts are known as splined shafts.
These shafts usually have four, six, ten or sixteen
splines.
The splined shafts are relatively stronger than shafts
having a single keyway.
we obtain axial movement as
well as positive drive is obtained.
 Pinned joints
 In a pin joint, a pin is used to fasten two rods that are under the
action of a tensile force; although the rods may support a
compressive force if the joint is guided.
 Some pin joints such as universal joints, use two pins and are used to
transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.
 A pin joint permits a small amount of flexibility or one rod may be
positioned at an angle (in the plane containing the rods) with respect
to the other rod, after providing suitable guides.

91
Knuckle Joints • Two or more rods subjected
to tensile and compressive
forces are fastened
together

• Their axes are may not

be in alignments but
meet in a point

It can be easily
connected and
disconnected

Applications: Elevator chains, valve rods, etc 92

Knuckle joint

93
Knuckle joint

94
 Cotter joint Cotter joints with socket and
spigot ends (for circular bars)

Slots are wider than the cotter.

Cotter pulls the rod and socket tightly together
Clearance: must be provided for adjustment.(2 to 3 mm)
Proportions: cotter thickness = (1/3)diameter of rod Taper: 1 in 30
cotter width = rod diameter 95
Cotter joint

96
 Sleeve and cotter joint

For circular rods

The enlarged ends of the rods butt against each other with a
common sleeve over them
•The rod ends are enlarged to take care of the weakening effect
97
Gib and cotter joint
•One bar end is made in
the form of a strap
•A Gib is used along with
the cotter.
•Gib is like a cotter but
with two gib heads at its
ends .
•The thickness of the gib
and cotter are same

98
Gib and cotter joint for rectangular rods

99
Circlips

100
 Retainer rings are generally
purchased as a standard item and
manufacturers' catalogs should be
consulted to determine available
sizes.
 In addition to holding parts on the
shafts, they can be used to hold parts
in housings

101
102