Alternating Current (AC)
• The AC circuit is an electrical circuit in which the amount of current
and voltage changes with time and can flow in two directions (back
and forth)
• Mathematically, the alternating current and voltage are in the
form of a sine wave as shown below:
• The source of alternating current is an alternating current is AC generator.
• The AC generator generates the AC voltage and current are in the form
of a sine wave with an angle of frequency ω.
• The resistance in an AC circuit is called impedance with the symbol Z.
Which is : Load
• V = instantaneous Voltage
V = Vm sin 𝜔𝑡
• I = Instantaneous Current
I = Im sin 𝜔𝑡
• Z = impedance
• One of the special characteristics of an AC wave is that it has a
periodic character or repeats itself at certain intervals called periods
(T).
• The relationship between angular frequency (ω), frequency (f) and
period T is:
ω = 2πf
f = 1 / T (Hertz, Hz) then ω = 2π / T
T = period = time to forge a wave
f = the number of waves in 1 second
Oscillosco
pe
Exam
ple
An AC voltmeter connected to an AC source voltage with a frequency
of 50 Hz shows 220 V. Determine:
a. its maximum voltage;
b. the instantaneous voltage equation.
Exam
pleelectric current in an alternating current circuit is expressed by the
The
equation I = (10 sin 120 ωt) mA. From this equation, determine the
maximum current and the effective current in the circuit.
Exam
ple
In an alternating voltage circuit with V = (12 sin 100πt) volts, a 24 Ω
resistance is installed. Determine:
a. The frequency
b. The equation of the electric current.
Exam
ple
An ac generator produces a voltage of V = (120 sin 60t) volts and
a current
l = (40 sin 60t) A.
Determine:
a. Maximum voltage and current
b. Angular frequency
c. The frequency
d. The period
e. Average voltage and current
f. Effective voltage and current
g. Peak to peak voltage
Resistor Circuit
If the resistor is connected to an alternating voltage
source, the voltage across the resistor is the same as
the source voltage
VR = Vm sin ωt
Current flowing in resistor
sin ωt = Im sin ωt
The relationship between V and I is of the same phase.
Example
AC circuit with a 40Ω resistor, maximum voltage = 100 V, and
generator frequency f = 50 Hz. When t = 0 seconds, the voltage across
the resistor VR = 0. Determine:
a. maximum current,
b. angular frequency,
c. current through the resistor at t = 1/75 s
d. current through the resistor at t = 1/150 s
Inductor Circuit
An inductor coil has a self-inductance L connected to an
alternating voltage V, then at the ends of the coil an induced
GGL appears
I L = I m sin ( ωt )
di
L
dt VL = Vm sin ( ωt + 90 o )
Inductive resistance:
X L .L 2f .L
XL = inductive resistance (Ohm)
The relationship between voltage and current is the
voltage phase precedes the current phase by ½π
Example
A 0.2 Henry inductor is connected to an alternating current, V = ([Link] (200t))
volts. Determine the equation of the current flowing in the circuit!
Capacitor Circuit
A capacitor with a capacity of C is connected to an
alternating voltage V, then the capacitor becomes
charged, so that the plates have a potential difference
Q
I C = I m sin ( ωt )
V
C
V C = V m sin ( ωt − 90 o )
Capacitive resistance:
1 1
XC
.C 2f .C
Xc = capacitive resistance (Ohm)
The relationship between voltage and current is the
current phase precedes the voltage phase by ½π
Example
A 50 μF capacitor is connected to an alternating voltage source. The current
flowing in the circuit is I = ([Link] 100t) A. Determine the voltage equation
for the capacitor!
Click to add text
R-L Series Circuit
The series resistances R and XL are connected to an alternating voltage V.
Ohm's Law:
VR iR VR = the potential difference between the ends of R
VL iX L VL = the potential difference between the ends of XL
The total voltage V is written in vector:
2 2
V VR VL
The resistances R and XL are also added vectors:
2
Z = impedance (Ohm)
Z R2 X L
V V
The current that flows on
i
Z R2 X L
2
this series is:
R-C Series Circuit
The series resistances R and XC are connected to an alternating voltage V.
Ohm's Law:
VR iR VR = the potential difference between the ends of R
VC iX C VC = potential difference between the ends of XC
The total voltage V is written in vector:
2 2
V VR VC
The resistances R and XC are also added vectors:
2
Z R2 X C
Z = impedance (Ohm)
V V
The current that flows on i
Z R2 X C
2
this series is:
R-L-C Series Circuit
The series resistances R, XL and XC are connected by an alternating voltage V.
Ohm's Law:
VR iR VR = the potential difference between the ends of R
VL iX VC
L
= potential difference between the ends of XC
VL = potential difference between the ends of XL
VC iX C
The total voltage V is written in vector:
2
V VR (VL VC ) 2
The resistances R, XL and XC are also added vectors:
Z = impedance (Ohm) Z R 2 ( X L X C )2
The current that flows on V V
i
this series is: Z R 2 ( X L X C )2
The nature of the series RLC circuit
The nature of the circuit depends on the amount of resistance
generated by the inductor and capacitor. Here are the
characteristics:
a. If XL > XC Then the circuit is inductive and V precedes I by θ
b. If XL < XC, then the circuit is capacitive and I precedes V by θ
c. If XL = XC Then the circuit is resistive and V and I are in phase
Resonance in the RLC series
Resonance occurs in the RLC series if it meets the following
conditions:
a. Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance are equal (X L =
XC).
b. Impedance = Resistance of the resistor (Z = R)
c. Phase angle = 0o
Reconance Circuit
If in the series RLC XL = XC then
Z R 2 0 R
The effective current in the circuit will reach its greatest value,
which is at V
i
R
X L X C
1
L
It says the circuit is in a resonant state. In this case it appliesC
1
f
2 LC
So the resonant frequency is
Example
1. The electricity grid at home has a voltage difference of 220 V, what is the
maximum voltage value?
2. In a series RLC circuit with R = 80 Ohm, XL = 100 Ohm, and XC = 40 Ohm, it
is connected to an alternating voltage source that has a maximum voltage of 120
V. Determine the maximum current in the circuit.
3. At a frequency of 100 Hz, the reactance of a capacitor is 4000 ohm and the
reactance of an inductor is 1000 Ohms. If the capacitor and inductor are attached
to a circuit, then at what frequency do resonances occur?
4. In a series RLC circuit with R = 40 Ohm, XL = 50 Ohm, and XC = 20 Ohm,
connected to an alternating voltage source that has an effective voltage of 110 V.
Determine the power used by the entire circuit.