Information Management Systems
(ECSE211L)
(Introduction of DBMS- Part 1)
What is Data?
• Different view points:
• A sequence of characters stored in
computer memory or storage.
• Interpreted sequence of characters
stored in computer memory or storage
• Interpreted set of objects
• Word 'Data' is originated from the word
'datum' that means 'single piece of
information.' It is plural of the word datum.
• This maybe one of the most profound
questions in computer science! It is still open
and keep evolving!!
Data is the fact or information which is storable.
What is DataBase?
Database is a collection of inter-related data, which helps in
efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from database
and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas,
reports etc.
For Example: university database organizes the data about
students, faculty, and admin staff etc. which helps in efficient
retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from it.
DBMS
• DBMS stands for Database Management System. We can break it like this
DBMS = Database + Management System.
• Database is a collection of data, and Management System is a set of programs to
store and retrieve those data.
• Based on this we can define DBMS like this: DBMS is a collection of inter-related
data and set of programs to store & access those data in an easy and effective
manner.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,
storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
• For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which
is used in different applications.
Users in a DBMS environment
Component Name Task
Application Programmers The Application programmers write programs
in various programming languages to
interact with databases.
Database Administrators Database Admin is responsible for managing
the entire DBMS system. He/she is called
Database admin or DBA.
End-Users The end users are the people who interact
with the database management system.
They conduct various operations on
database like retrieving, updating, deleting,
etc.
Characteristics of DBMS
• It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage
the information.
• It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
• DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
• It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of
failure.
• It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
• It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
• It is used to provide security of data.
• It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the
requirements of the user
Advantages of DBMS
• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it
stores all the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in
the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the
data among multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature
of the database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic
backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if
required.
• Multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like
graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces
Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of
data processor and large memory size to run DBMS software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run
them efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and
requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the
database because in most of the organization, all the data stored
in a single database and if the database is damaged due to electric
failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.
DBMS vs. Flat File
DBMS Flat File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access
Design to fulfil the need for small and large It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
businesses
Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term Total Cost of It's cheaper
Ownership is cheap
Easy to implement complicated transactions No support for complicated transactions
MCQ
• A collection of related data.
a) Information
b) Valuable information
c) Database
d) Metadata
MCQ
• A collection of related data.
a) Information
b) Valuable information
c) Database
d) Metadata
MCQ
• DBMS is software.
a) True
b) False
MCQ
• DBMS is software.
a) True
b) False
MCQ
• Which of the following is not involved in DBMS?
a) End Users
b) Data
c) Application programmer
d) HTML
MCQ
• Which of the following is not involved in DBMS?
a) End Users
b) Data
c) Application programmer
d) HTML
Evolution of Databases
Relational The Object- Cloud
File-Based Hierarchical Network Oriented
NoSQL
based
Data Model data model Database Databases
Database
Database
Evolution of Databases
File-Based
• 1968 was the year when File-Based database were
introduced.
• In file-based databases, data was maintained in a flat file.
Advantages
• One of the major advantages is that the file system has
various access methods, e.g., sequential, indexed, and
random.
Limitations
• It requires extensive programming in a third-generation
language such as COBOL, BASIC
Evolution of Databases
Hierarchical Data Model
• 1968-1980 was the era of the
Hierarchical Database.
• IBM's first DBMS was based on this
model. It was called IMS.
• Files are related in a parent/child
manner.
• It follows one to many relationship.
• This is an ideal model where the data
contains nested and sorted information
• It had some limitations like complex
implementation, lack structural
independence, can't easily handle a
many-many relationship, etc.
Evolution of Databases
Network data model
•It was standardized in 1971 by the CODASYL group.
•Files are related as owners and members, like to the
common network model.
Advantages of a Network Database Model
• Because it has the many-many relationship, network
database model can easily be accessed in any table
record in the database
• For more complex data, it is easier to use because of
the multiple relationship founded among its data
• Easier to navigate and search for information because
of its flexibility
Disadvantage of a Network Database Model
• Difficult for first time users
• Difficulties with alterations of the database because
when information entered can alter the entire database
Evolution of Databases
Relational Database
• 1970 - Present: It is the era of Relational
Database and Database Management. In 1970,
the relational model was proposed by E.F. Codd.
• Two main terminologies: instance and schema.
• The instance is a table with rows or columns
• Schema specifies the structure like name of the
relation, type of each column and name.
• It uses mathematical concept like set theory
and predicate logic.
• The first internet database application had been
created in 1995.
• During the era of the relational database, many
more models had introduced like object-
oriented model, object-relational model, etc.
Evolution of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
• It contains data in the form of object and classes.
• Objects are the real-world entity, and types are the collection of objects. It is a hybrid
approach.
• It maintains separate sets of memories and separate memory spaces for each
row.
• Data independence is achieved so that all operations and transactions done in one
data are independent and unaffected with other data as minimum as possible
Object-Oriented Database Features: persistence, support of transactions, simple
querying of bulk data, concurrent access, resilience, security
Why OODB?
• Industry Trends: Integration and Sharing
• Seamless integration of operating systems, databases, languages, spreadsheets, word
processors, AI expert system shells.
• Referential sharing: Multiple applications, products, or objects share common sub-
objects through the support of object identity and inheritance. (Hypermedia links are
Evolution of Databases
NoSQL Database
• NoSQL databases are databases designed to be used
across large distrusted systems.
• Much more scalable and much faster at handling very
large data loads
• NoSQL databases do not use the standard tabular
relationships.
• NoSQL databases allow for the querying and storage
of data by a variety of other means, depending on the
specific software.
Other Features
• Multi-Model
• Concurrency
• Security
• Data Model Flexibility
• Deployment Model Flexibility
Evolution of Databases
6. Cloud database
• Cloud database facilitates you to store, manage, and retrieve their structured, unstructured data
via a cloud platform. This data is accessible over the Internet. Cloud databases are also called a
database as service (DBaaS) because they are offered as a managed service.
• Some best cloud options are:
• AWS (Amazon Web Services)
• Snowflake Computing
• Oracle Database Cloud Services
• Microsoft SQL server
• Google cloud spanned
References
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Thank you