Chapter 2

The structure of Matter:

atoms, molecules and moles

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 2.2: Dalton’s Atomic Theory and Atomic
Masses
• Two laws lead to Dalton’s atomic theory

Law of definite proportions: elements always

combine in the same proportion by mass

Law of conservation of mass: no mass gain or

loss during chemical reaction

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 Law of conservation of mass

16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y

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 2.2: Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Matter consist of tiny particles called atoms
2. Atoms are indestructible. In chemical reactions, the
atoms rearrange but they do not themselves break
apart.
3. In any sample of a pure elements, all the atoms are
identical in mass and other properties.
4. The atoms of different elements differ in mass and
other properties
5. When atoms of different elements combine to form
compounds, new and more complex particles form.
However, in a given compound the constituent atoms
are always present in the same fixed numerical ratio.
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Law of multiple proportions

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 2.3: The Mole Concept

• Stoichiometry: the measurement of elements.

Stoicheion: element, metron: measure

• Area of study that examines the quantities of

substances consumed and produced in chemical
reactions

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• The mole concept allows the chemist to scale up from
the atomic and molecular level to the laboratory scale.

• Definition: one mole is the number of atoms in exactly

12 grams of 12C atoms

In general, 1 mol of X = 6.022 x 1023 units of X

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Example
What is the mole ratio of carbon to chlorine in C2Cl6?

• Mole ratio  C:Cl = 2: 6 = 1:3

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Example
How many moles of carbon atoms are needed to combine
with 4.87 mol Cl to form C2Cl6?

2 mol C
4.87 mol Cl × =1.62 mol C
6 mol Cl

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Example
How many moles of carbon are in 2.65 mol C2Cl6?

2 mol C
2.65 mol C2 Cl 6 × =5.30 mol C
1 mol C2 Cl 6

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 2.4 Measuring moles of Atoms
• 1 mole of element X = gram atomic mass of X (e.g.1 mole Na has a mass
of 22.99 g)
• Also, 1 mole of molecule X = gram molecular mass (molecular weight) of X
(e.g. 1 molecule H2O has 18.00 amu, therefore, 1 mole H2O has a mass of
18.00 g.
• I mole of ionic compund X = gram formula mass of X
• To summerize, 1 mole of X = gram molar mass of X molar mass

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Example
We need 0.254 mol of iron(III) cholride (FeCl3) for a
certain experiment. How many grams do we need to
weigh?
162.3 g FeCl3
0.254 mol FeCl3 x = 41.2 g FeCl3
1 mol FeCl3

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Example
How many grams of Ca must react with 41.5 g of Cl to
produce CaCl2?

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Example
What is the mass in grams of one mole of carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4)?

1 mol of CCl4 = 154 g CCl4

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Example
What is the mass of one atom of calcium?

atom

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2.5 Measuring Moles of Compounds:
Molecular Mass and Formula Mass

• Molecule  molecular mass

1 mol CO2 = 1 mol C + 2 mol O
= 12 g C + 32 g O
= 44 g CO2

• Ionic compound  formula mass

1 mol NaCl = 1 mol Na + 1 mol Cl One mole of four different
compounds: water, sodium
= 23 g Na + 35.5 g Cl chloride (white powder), copper
= 58.5 g NaCl sulfate pentahydrate,
and sodium chromate.

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Example
a. How many grams does 0.250 mol Na2CO3 weight?
b. How many moles of Na2CO3 are in 132 g Na2CO3?

a.

b.

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 2.6 Percentage Composition
• The percentage composition of the total mass
(percent by weight) contributed by each element
• Referred to the number of grams of an element present
in a 100 g of the compound

(mass of element)
% by mass of element = x 100%
(mass of the whole sample)

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Example
What is the percentage composition of chloroform, CHCl3?

Molecular weight of CHCl3 = 12.01 g C + 1.008 g H + 3 x 35.45 g Cl

= 119.37 g/mol CHCl3

12.01 g C x 100% = 10.06% C
%C =
119.37 g CHCl3
1.008 g H x 100%
%H = = 0.844% H
119.37 g CHCl3
106.35 x 100% = 89.09% Cl
%Cl =
119.37

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Example:
A sample has a mass of 8.657 g was decomposed into its elements
and gave 5.217 g C, 0.9620 g hydrogen and 2.478 g oxygen. What
is the percent composition of this compound?

5.217 g C x 100% = 60.26% C

%C =
8.657 g sample

0.9620
%H = x 100% = 11.11% H
8.657
2.478 = 28.62% O
%O = x 100%
8.657
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 Example
Calculate the mass of iron (Fe) in a 10.0 g sample of iron
oxide, Fe2O3?

Mass of 1 mol Fe2O3 = (2 X 55.85 g Fe) + (3 X 16.00 g O)

= 111.7 g Fe + 48 g O
= 159.7 g Fe2O3

1 mol Fe 2 O3 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe

10.0 g Fe 2 O3 × . .𝑥 𝑥 = 6.99 g Fe
159.7 g Fe 2O 3 1 mol Fe 2 O3 1 mol Fe

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• [Link]
osition

• [Link]

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2.7 Chemical Formulas

• Empirical formula “simplest formula”:

expresses the simplest whole number ratio of the
atoms of each element in a compound
Example: H2O, NaCl and CH2

• Molecular formula:
states the actual number of each kind of atoms in a
molecule
Example: H2O, NaCl, C2H4, C3H6

• Structural formula: acetic acid

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2.8 Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas

To calculate an empirical formula, we need to know the

mass of each of the elements in a given mass of the
compound
Example
A sample of a brown-colored gas is found to contain 2.34
g of N and 5.34 g of O. What is the simplest formula of
this compound?
1 mol N
2.34 g N × = 0.167 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol O
5.34 g O × = 0.334 mol O
16.0 g O
N0.167O0.334  NO2 24
Example
What is the empirical formula of a compound composed
of 43.7% P and 56.3% O by weight?

Assume that you have a 100 g sample

1 mol P
43.7 g P × = 1.41 mol P
31.0 g P

1 mol O
56.3 g O × = 3.52 mol O
16.0 g O
P1.41O3.53  P1O2.5 P2O5
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 Example
A 1.025 g sample of a compound that contain only
carbon and hydrogen was burned in oxygen to give
CO2 and H2O as products. These products were trapped
separately and weighed. It was found that 3.007 g of
CO2 and 1.845 g H2O were formed in this reaction.
What is the empirical formula of this compound?
C,H + O2  CO2 + H2O + HEAT
12.0 g C 1 mol C
3.007 g CO 2 × × = 0.06833 mol C
44.0 g CO 2 12 .0 g C
2.016 g H 1 mol H
1.845 g H 2O × × = 0.2048 mol H
18.02 g H2 O 1.0 08 g H

C0.06833H0.2048  CH3
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Example
A 0.1000 g sample of ethyl alcohol, which contains C,H
and O, was burned in oxygen to give CO2 and H2O as
products. These products were trapped separately and
weighed. It was found that 0.1910 g of CO2 and 0.1172 g
H2O were formed in this reaction.
What is the empirical formula of this compound?
C,H,O + O2  CO2 + H2O
12.0 g C
0.1910 g CO 2 × = 0.05212 g C
44.0 g CO 2
2.016 g H
0.1172 g H2 O × = 0.01311 g H
18.02 g H2 O

Mass of O = mass of the sample – mass of H and C

= 0.1000 g – 0.05212 g – 0.01311 g
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= 0.0348 g O
 1 mol C
0.05212 g C × = 0.004340 mol C
12.0 g C

1 mol H
0.01311 g H × = 0.013 0 0 mol H
1.008 g H

1 mol O
0.0348 g O × = 0.00218 mol O
16.0 g O

C0.00434H0.0130O0.00218  C2H6O

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Molecular Formulas
C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 and C5H10 all have the same empirical
formula CH2

(Empirical formula) X n = Molecular formula

Example
A colorless liquid, whose empirical formula is NO2, has a
molecular mass of 92.0.
What is its molecular formula?
NO2 has a formula mass of 46.0 g

92.0/46.0 = 2

(E.F)n = (M.F)  (NO2)2  N2O4

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Assignment 1 (check classroom)
Example:
A compound has a molecular mass of 98.08. It has the
mass composition of 2.06 % of hydrogen, 32.69 % of
sulphur, and 65.25 % of oxygen.
What is the molecular formula of this compound?
do it yourself

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Key points

• Understand the mole concept

• Measuring moles of atoms and molecules
• Percentage composition
• Chemical formulas
• Empirical formula calculations

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