Chapter 3

Methodology: Understanding Data and Ways to

Systematically Collect Data
Lord, may everything we do begin with
your inspiration and continue with your
saving help.

Let our work always find its origin in You,

and through You reach completion.

We ask this through Christ our Lord,

Amen.
 Objectives
At the end of the discussion, you shall be able to;

1. Choose appropriate quantitative research design;

2. Describe sampling procedure and the sample;
3. Construct an instrument and establishes its validity
and reliability;
4. Describe intervention;
5. Plan data collection procedures;
6. Plan data analysis using statistics and hypothesis
testing (if appropriate);
7. Present written research methodology.
Let’s review your Research Designs

Read and analyze the

statements below.

1.A research design aims to

determine a cause from
already existing effects?
Ex Post Facto Design
Let’s review your Research Designs

Read and analyze the

statements below.

2. This research design is

exploratory in nature.
Descriptive Design
Let’s review your Research Designs

Read and analyze the

statements below.

3. The main goal of this research

is determine if variable increases
or decreases as another variable
Correlational Design
increases or decreases.
Let’s review your Research Designs

Read and analyze the

statements below.

4. This research design is based on the

scientific method called experiment with a
procedure of gathering data under a
controlled or manipulated environment.
Experimental Design
Let’s review your Research Designs

Read and analyze the

statements below.

5. It is defined as the rational and coherent

overall strategy that the researcher uses to
incorporate all the vital components of the
research study.
Research Design
Population and Sampling
Sampling Procedure and the Sample
Population – is the totality of all the objects,
elements, persons, and characteristics under
consideration.

Two types of population: Target population and

accessible population.

Target Population – the actual population.

Accessible population – a portion of the population
in which the researcher has reasonable access.
Sampling Procedure and the Sample
Sampling – pertains to the systematic process of
selecting the group to be analyzed in the research
study.

Sample – representative subset of the population.

Note: A good sample should have characteristics of

the represented population – characteristics that are
within the scope of the study with fair
accuracy. Generally, the larger the sample, the more
reliable the sample be, but still, it will depend on the
scope and delimitation and research design of the
Approaches in Identifying the Sample
Size
Heuristics – This approach refers to the general rule
or rule of the thumb for sample size. This is the
earliest established approach for sample size for
different research designs.
Research Design Suggested Number of
Subjects/Participants
Descriptive Research 10% to 20% maybe required
Comparative Research 15 subjects or groups
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex Post Facto 30+
Experimental 30 or more
Approaches in Identifying the Sample
Size
Literature Review – reading similar or related
literature and studies to your current research study.
Recall how those studies determine their sample size.
Using this approach increases the validity of your
sampling procedure.

Formulas – established for the computation of an

acceptable sample size. You can use different
formulas depending on what you know and do not
know about the population. These tools are also
available online.
Sampling Technique
Probability Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Simple Random Sampling - It is a
way of choosing individuals in which all
members of the accessible population
are given an equal chance to be
selected.

Ex: fishbowl technique, roulette wheel,

or use of the table of random numbers
Probability Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Stratified Random Sampling - the
population is first divided into strata or
groups before selecting the samples.
The samples are chosen from these
subgroups and not directly from the
entire population. This procedure is best
used when the variables of the study
are also grouped into classes such as
gender and grade level.
Probability Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Cluster Sampling - This procedure is
usually applied in large-scale studies,
geographical spread out of the
population is a challenge, and gathering
information will be very time-
consuming.
Probability Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Systematic Sampling - This
procedure is as simple as selecting
samples every nth (example every 2nd,
5th) of the chosen population until
arriving at a desired total number of
sample size. Therefore, the selection is
based on a predetermined interval.
Probability Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Convenience Sampling – involves using
respondents who are convenient to the
researcher primarily because they are
available, willing, or easy to access or
contact.

Purposive Sampling – intentionally

selecting participants based on their
characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or
some other criteria.
Research Instrument, Validity and
Reliability
Research instruments - are basic
tools researchers used to gather data
for specific research problems. Common
instruments are performance tests,
questionnaires, interviews, and
observation checklist.
 Ways of Developing Research
Instrument
There are three ways you can
consider in developing the research
instrument for your study.

1. Adopting an instrument
2. Modifying an existing instrument
3. Create your own instrument
Common Scaled Used in Quantitative
Research
Likert Scale - This is the most common
scale used in quantitative research.
Respondents were asked to rate or rank
statements according to the scale provided.
Common Scaled Used in Quantitative
Research
Semantic Differential - In this scale, a
series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by
the respondents. This scale seems to be
more advantageous since it is more flexible
and easier to construct.
Types of Validity
 Types of Validity of Instrument

Face Validity - It is also known as

“logical validity.” It calls for an
initiative judgment of the
instruments as it “appear.”

Just by looking at the instrument,

the researcher decides if it is valid.
 Types of Validity of Instrument

Content Validity - An instrument that

is judged with content validity meets
the objectives of the study. It is done by
checking the statements or questions if
this elicits the needed information.

Experts in the field of interest can also

provide specific elements that should
be measured by the instrument.
 Types of Validity of Instrument

Concurrent Validity - When the

instrument can predict results like those
similar tests already validated, it has
concurrent validity.

Predictive Validity - When the instrument

can produce results similar to those similar
tests that will be employed in the future, it
has predictive validity. This is particularly
useful for the aptitude test.
 Types of Validity of Instrument

Reliability – refers to the consistency

of the measures or results of the
instrument.

Test-retest Reliability - It is achieved

by giving the same test to the same
group of respondents twice. The
consistency of the two scores will be
checked.
 Types of Validity of Instrument

Reliability – refers to the consistency

of the measures or results of the
instrument.

Equivalent Forms Reliability - It

is established by administering two
identical tests except for wordings
to the same group of respondents.
Data Collection Procedure
 Data Collection Procedure

1. Observation - It is gathering
information about a certain condition by
using senses. The researcher records
the observation as seen and heard. This
is done by direct observation or indirect
observation using gadgets or apparatus.
An observation checklist aids the
researcher in recording the data
gathered.
 Data Collection Procedure

2. Survey - Data gathering is done

through interview or questionnaire.
By means of questionnaire you use
series of questions or statements
that respondents will have to
answer. Basically, respondents write
or choose their answer from given
choices.
 Data Collection Procedure

3. Interview – it is when you ask

respondents orally to tell you the
responses. Since you are doing
quantitative research, it is expected
that responses have numerical
value either it is nominal or ordinal
in
 Data Collection Procedure

4. Experiment - it would use

treatment or intervention. After the
chosen subjects, participants, or
respondents undergone the
intervention, the effects of such
treatment will be measured.
 Data Collection Procedure

Three Phases in Data Collection

The data gathering procedure is presented in a

paragraph format in your research paper.
Basically, the contents are the steps you are
going to follow: (1) before you will gather the
data, (2) what to do during the actual gathering
of data, and (3) the things to consider after data
has been gathered. The following are the
suggested steps but not limited to it, are the
procedures in gathering quantitative data.
 Data Collection Procedure

Three Phases in Data Collection

You’re
almost
done!
 Reflection

What are the new learnings

you have gained from this
lesson in terms of skills,
content, and attitude in
identifying and stating the
research problem?
 Reflection

How will you improve

your research writing
skills in quantitative
research?
Thank you for listening!