STEEL DESIGN-
INTRODUCTION
LECTURE 1
Course Outline
• Limit state philosophy and design in steel. Elastic and plastic moment
Designs in Steel. Design of structural elements in steel and
connections and joints.
• Limit state philosophy and design in timber. Elastic methods and
design in timber. Design of structural elements in timber and timber
connectors.
• Laboratory tests on structural elements in concrete, timber and steel.
Stress-Strain Characteristics of Steel: Clause 3.1.1:BS
5950-1 (2000)
• Fig. A indicates the minimum yield
stress, Ys and the maximum
tensile stress, Us.
• The steel design strength,Py is
taken as the smaller of 1.0Ys or
Us/1.2
A. Stress-strain Graph
• Py is a dependent on the thickness
of section as given in Table 9 of
the code
B. Tensile Strength Test • For rolled section, thickness of the
thickest element is used.
• Therefore in each code a designation system is used to describe
the steel:
• BS EN X - Y Z
where:
• X identifies the standard,
• Y identifies the type of steel i.e. S for structural steel, E for
engineering steel
• Z identifies the minimum yield strength e.g. 235 N/mm2, 275
N/mm2 etc.
e.g.
• BS EN 10025 -S 255
CLASSIFICATION OF
STEEL CROSS
SECTIONS
LECTURE 2
Classification of cross sections
Structural elements in compression tends to buckle prior to yielding
The compression may be due to direct axial forces, bending
moments, or a combination of both.
To avoid this, Clause 3.5 of BS 5950-1:2000 classified the
compression elements of structural members into four categories
depending upon their resistance to local buckling effects which may
influence their load carrying capacity
Example of local buckling failure
There are two distinct types of element in a cross-section identified in
the code:
Outstand elements - elements which are attached to an adjacent
element at one edge only, the other edge being free, e.g. the flange of
an I-section.
Internal elements - elements which are attached to other elements on
both longitudinal edges, including:
-webs comprising the internal elements perpendicular to the axis
of bending,
-flanges comprising the internal elements parallel to the axis of
bending
e.g. the webs and flanges of a rectangular hollow section.
The classifications specified in the code are:
Class 1 Plastic Sections
Class 2 Compact Sections
Class 3 Semi-compact Sections
Class 4 Slender Sections
The classifications are determined by consideration of the limiting
values given in Tables 11 and 12 of the code.
The classifications are based on a number of criteria.
Aspect Ratio
The aspect ratio for various types of element can be determined
using the variables indicated in Figure 5 of the code for a wide range
of cross-sections. A typical example is the I-section indicated in
below:
The limiting aspect ratios given must be modified to allow for the
design strength, . This is done by multiplying each limiting ratio by ε
which is defined in each Table as:
In addition to ε some limiting values in Tables 11 and 12 also include
parameters r1 and r2 which are stress ratios, defined in Clause 3.5.5
as:
Consider a section subject to an increasing bending moment; the
bending stress diagram changes from a linearly elastic condition with
extreme fibre stresses less than the design strength (), to one in which
all of the fibres can be considered to have reached the design
strength, as shown in below
Where
Zxx= Elastic sec. modulus
Sxx= Plastic sec. modulus
σ = Elastic stress
Class 1 Plastic cross sections are those in which a plastic hinge can
be developed with significant rotation capacity. If the plastic design
method is used in the structural analysis, all members must be of this
type.
Class 2 Compact cross sections are those in which the full plastic
moment capacity can be developed, but local buckling may prevent
production of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to
permit plastic design.
Class 3 Semi-Compact cross sections can develop their elastic
moment capacity, but local buckling may prevent the production of
the full Plastic moment.
Class 4 Slender cross sections contain slender elements subject to
compression due to moment or axial load. Local buckling may prevent
the full elastic moment capacity from being developed.
The classifications given in Tables 11 and 12 indicate the
moment/rotation characteristics of a section, as shown below
Example 1: Section classification
Determine the section classification of the sections indicated in (1)
con sidering the loading conditions given:
(1) Section: 610 × 229 × 125 UB S 275
a) pure bending
b) pure compression
i) axial load = 3200 kN
ii) axial load = 4350 kN
c) combined bending and compression
TRY
MORE
EXAMPLES
ASSIGNMENT 1
• Discuss the modes of failure of structural steel