CHAPTER FIVE
MOTIVATION AND
EMOTION
[Link] of Motivation
The psychology of motivation is
indeed the study of what moves
us, why we do what we do.
It refers to the reasons for
engaging in a particular
behavior.
Cont`d
Motivation is internal
driving forces that activate
or energizes, sustains and
direct the behavior of
humans and other organism
towards intended a goal.
5.1.2. Types of Motivation
A. Intrinsic Motivation
B. Extrinsic Motivation
A) Intrinsic Motivation
“Intrinsic” means coming from
within the organism.
It is a type of motivation, which
is generated from the person’s
internal feelings.
Cont`d
Intrinsic motivation is a type of
motivation in which a person
acts because the act itself is
rewarding or satisfying in some
internal manner.
B) Extrinsic Motivation
It refers to motivation to engage
in an activity in order to gain
some tangible reward or
To avoid some kind of
punishment.
Cont`d
The motivating factors are
external, or outside, rewards
such as food, money, good
grades, praise or some other
rewards.
5.1.2. Theories of Motivation
a) Drive-reduction approaches
b) Incentive approaches
c)Cognitive Approaches the
thoughts behind motivation
d)Humanistic approaches to
motivation.
a) Drive Reduction Theory
A drive is motivational
tension, or arousal, that
energizes behavior in order to
fulfill some biological need.
Cont`d
For example, when people lack
some basic biological
requirements such as water or
food, the drive to obtain that
requirement (in this case, the thirst
or hunger drive) which motivates
us to drink or eat is produced.
b) Incentive approaches
This theory suggests that
motivation stems from the desire
to attain external rewards,
known as incentives.
Cont`d
In this view, the desirable
properties of external stimuli:
whether grades, money,
affection, food, or sex account
for a person‘s motivation.
c) Cognitive Approaches
Motivation is a result of
people‘s thoughts, beliefs,
expectations, and goals.
Two kinds of cognitions
underlie our behavior.
Cont`d
The first is our expectation that
a behavior will cause us to reach
a particular goal.
The second is our
understandings of the value of
that goal to us underlie behavior.
d) Humanistic Approaches
Humans are driven to achieve
their maximum potential and
will always do so unless
obstacles are placed on their
way.
Cont`d
Each person has an innate
“growth potential” that
energizes and directs all human
behavior.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motivation
Maslow assumes that we all
have the same basic needs.
Our needs energize and direct
our behavior.
Our needs are organized in a
hierarchy i.e a series of steps.
Cont`d
Our behavior is affected by our
needs.
Needs are constantly changing
and may never be fully satisfied.
Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant.
Basic needs must be satisfied before growth motives are fully
expressed. Desires for self actualization are reflected in various meta
needs.
1: Physiological (survival) Needs
Need to stay alive!,
It includes having enough healthy
food, air, and water to survive.
When these are not satisfied, we
may feel sickness, irritation, pain,
discomfort, etc.
Level 2: Safety (Security) Needs
Need to be safe from physical and
psychological harm, freedom from
fear in the present and future, and
trust in a predictable future to
function effectively.
They seek out stable lives with
careers, homes, insurance, etc.
3) Belonging (love or social)
Needs
We seek friendship closeness,
contact and love, which include
the need to obtaining and give
affection or needs for social
interaction.
Cont`d
Humans have a desire for love,
affection and belonging from
family members, friends, work
group, religious group and lovers.
Level 4: Self-Esteem Needs
The need to be respected as a
useful, honorable individual;
which Maslow classified into
two categories:
.
Cont`d
i) self esteem which results from
competency or mastery of a task.
It contains the desire to feel
important, strong and
significant
It is esteem for oneself (dignity,
achievement, mastery, and
independence).
ii) The attention and recognition
that comes from others.
It is the desire for reputation or
respect from others (e.g.,
status, prestige).
Level 5: Self-Actualization
(Fulfillment of Goals & Dreams)
Beginning of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their
highest potential in their own
unique way.
Cont`d
It is the desire to put your
ability in to practice (actualize)
whatever skills and talent we
posses (establishing meaningful
goal and purpose) in life.
Cont`d
Realizing personal potential,
self-fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences.
Cont`d
Interestingly, Maslow indicated
that people will be frustrated if
they can’t pursue their true
loves and talent.
In general, this is the highest
and most difficult level to
reach.
5.1.3. Conflict of Motives and
Frustration
Frustration: is the feeling within
an individual of being blocked in
the attempts to satisfy needs which
one considers significant.
It is the blocking of behavior
directed towards a goal.
Cont`d
An individual displays some
sort of disturbed behavior
when he or she is prevented
from fulfilling the desired goals.
If motives are frustrated or
blocked, the person may feel
anxious, depressed or angry.
Sources of Frustration
1) Environmental factors
•These factors can be physical
(such as locked door, lack of
money, distance) or it can be
people (such as parents or
teachers) which make impossible
a person to reach a goal.
2) Personal Factors
The personal inadequacy may
be either physical (disability,
financial constraints, physical
fitness..etc)
3. Psychological
The personal characteristics of
individual like:
Personality or intelligence
(knowledge, attitude, feeling,
emotional intelligence, self-
esteem, self concept, self-
efficacy…etc) affect performance.
Cont`d
The limitations of ability
frustrate individuals because
they do not let him or her to
achieve very high goals.
At times we have
conflicting goals which create
frustration.
Conflict of motives)
• A conflict is a situation in which
an individual is required to act in
two or more incompatible ways
to achieve two or more exclusive
goals. It occurs when an
individual is unable to choose
between two or more goals.
Cont`d
We all confront some degree of
conflict in every stage of our
life.
Neal Miller (1959) identified
four basic types of
motivational conflict, each of
which may play a role in stress.
Cont`d
1) Approach-Approach Conflict
2) Avoidance- Avoidance
3) Approach-avoidance conflicts
4) Multiple approach-avoidance
conflicts
1. Approach-Approach Conflict
It refers to a conflict between
two positive goals that are
equally attractive at the same
time.
It produce little distress or little
emotional behavior and are
easily resolved.
45
2) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
This occurs when we have to
decide between two equally
undesirable and negative goals.
Moving closer to one of the
unattractive choices increases
our discomfort and leads us to
retreat.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• It happen when a particular event
or activity has both attractive and
unattractive features.
• for example, a freshman student
wants to start dating but she, at the
same time, is worried that this may
unduly consume her study time.
4. Multiple approach-Avoidance
Conflict
It exist when two or more
alternatives each have both
positive and negative features.
Suppose you must choose
between two jobs.
Cont`d
One offers a high salary with a
well-known company but
requires long working hours
and relocation to a miserable
climate.
Cont`d
The other boasts advancement
opportunities, fringe benefits,
and a better climate, but it
doesn‘t pay as much and
involves an unpredictable work
schedule.
5.2. Emotions
5.2.1. Definition of emotion
Reading Assignment!
CHAPTER SIX
HUMAN PERSONALITY
What is Personality?