DIESEL ENGINES
Types of Diesel engines
Engine construction
Fuel systems
Auxiliary systems
Engine Maintenance & Troubleshooting
DIESEL ENGINE USES
Compressors
Pumps
an emergency stand-by generator
3512 Generator "black start" capability
3306 Pump
Trucks, buses, and automobiles
Trains
Driving force for ships
Efficiency of a diesel generator
Types Of IC Engine
Identify the timing of major events in the
four stroke cycle diesel engine
List the strokes in the four stroke cycle in
order
State major events which occur in each
stroke of the four stroke cycle
State major events which occur in each
stroke of the two stroke cycle
State the function of scavenging in the two
stroke diesel engine
Family resemblance
Cylinders
Pistons
Connecting rods
Crankshafts
to fire the fuel, receive the resulting
expansive force and convert it to
mechanical rotary motion.
Petrol engines (spark ignition)
mixture of air and fuel
compression
ignition by a spark.
liquid petrol must be vaporised, and mixed
with the correct amount of air
This is the process of carburation and is
carried out in a carburettor.
Petrol engines (spark ignition)
Pressure is limited by its temperature rise
Excessive temperature will produce
spontaneous ignition or pre-ignition
This in turn produces excessive cylinder
pressures (knocking) and loss of power
Compression ratios used in petrol engines are
restricted to a maximum of about 9 to 1.
Governing takes place by throttling the air fuel
mixture as it passes from the carburettor to the
cylinder.
Diesel engines (compression
ignition)
Only air drawn into cylinder
High compression ratio up to 20:1
Heat of compression ignites fuel
Fuel injected directly into hot air
Governed by varying the amount of fuel
The four-stroke cycle
four strokes or two complete crankshaft
revolutions to produce one power stroke
intake stroke
compression stroke
power stroke
exhaust stroke
Suck, squeeze, bang, blow
The four stroke cycle
The four stroke cycle
Intake stroke
Intake valve opens
Piston moves down
Charge of air or a mixture of fuel and air is
drawn into the cylinder
Compression stroke
The intake valve then closes
Piston moves upward compressing the
mixture in the combustion chamber
Near the upper end of this stroke the spark
plug (petrol) or injection (diesel) is timed to
ignite the mixture
Diesel compression ratio of up to 20:1
Power stroke
Ignition occurs
The fuel burns, generating a high pressure
Forces the piston downward and produces
useful power
Near the end of this stroke the exhaust
valve opens
Exhaust stroke
Exhaust valve opens
Piston moves upwards
Spent gases are expelled from the cylinder
in preparation for the next intake stroke.
The four-stroke cycle engine
Best fuel economy
Good control at all speeds
High torque at low speeds
More complicated and weighty than a two-stroke
cycle engine
It may be used for petrol, diesel, or gas engines
Lubricated by a definite quantity of oil in its
crankcase
Normally pumped under pressure to the bearing
surfaces or is splashed onto them by rotation of
the crank webs.
The Two-stroke cycle
Starting at bottom dead centre
Fresh charge of air-fuel enters through the
cylinder wall port and helps to push out the
exhaust gases through the open exhaust valve.
Piston starts to move upward
Exhaust valve closes
Piston moves up past the intake port
Piston covers the intake port
Compression begins until the piston is near top
dead centre.
The Two-stroke cycle
The Two-stroke cycle
In the Second Stroke
Piston approaches top dead centre, the
mixture is ignited (either by spark or fuel
injection into hot air)
Power stroke begins
Piston nears bottom dead centre, the
exhaust valve opens and the intake port is
uncovered to repeat the cycle.
The two stroke cycle
In one complete revolution of the crankshaft, the cycle
has been completed.
Theoretically should produce twice as much power as a
four-stroke cycle engine of the same size and speed
in practice, this is not the case it actually produces about
60% more) because of inefficient removal of exhaust
gases from the cylinder and insufficient time for complete
combustion of the fuel.
Two-stroke cycle engines are used where minimum size
and weight are required and they operate best at high
speeds. These units, like the four-stroke cycle, may be
used for petrol, diesel, or gaseous fuel engines.
Compression ignition
Operate with a high-
compression ratio, up
to about 20 to 1
giving an air
temperature of 6500C
or higher
8 cylinder Diesel engine
Four-stroke cycle diesel engine
Four-stroke cycle diesel engine
Intake stroke
Inlet valve is opened
just before TDC
(aprox 15o)
Exhaust valve closes
just after TDC (aprox
15o)
Charge of air drawn
into the cylinder
through the inlet valve
as the piston
descends.
Compression stroke
Piston passes BDC
Inlet valve is closed and
compression is begun
Piston rises. Shortly before TDC
fuel injection begins
Compression of the air will have
raised its temperature and this
may now be 650 o C and its
pressure in the range 400 psi to
600 psi.
In these temperature and
pressure conditions the fuel will
ignite almost as soon as it
enters the cylinder and mixes
with the hot air
Diesel has a self ignition
temperature of about 400oC).
Power stroke
Hot gases expand
and force the piston
downwards
Before BDC the hot
burning gases have
expended their
energy
Exhaust valve is
opened to allow them
to escape from the
cylinder.
Exhaust stroke
Piston ascends in the
cylinder
Remaining exhaust gases
are forced out through the
open exhaust valve
Before the piston reaches
TDC the inlet valve is
opened
The whole cycle of events
is repeated.
Scavenging
Summarizing
Ignition temperature is provided by high
compression of the air in the cylinder.
The engine may work on either the four
stroke or two stroke cycle.
Correct adjustment of timing of valves and
fuel injection is vital.
On a two stroke cycle air must be blown
into the cylinder as there is no induction
stroke.