Module_1
FUNDAMENTALS OF IOT
Definition and Characteristics of IoT
Communication protocols,
Physical design - IoT Protocols
Logical design
IoT communication models,
IoT Communication APIs
IOT Levels and Deployment Templates
Introduction
• The Internet of Things represents the whole way from collecting data,
processing it, taking an action corresponding to the signification of
this data to storing everything in the cloud. All this is made possible
by the internet
Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self Adapting
• Self Configuring
• Inter Operable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Network
Applications of IoT:
1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health &LifeStyle
Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly),
or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for
processing the data,
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
• HDMI: High definition multimedia Interface.
• 3.5mm: Audio Jack which headphone adapter.
• RCA: Radio corporation of America.
• UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
• SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface.
• I2C: Inter integrated circuit
• CAN: Controller Area Network used for Micro-controllers and devices to communicate.
• SD: Secure digital (memory card)
• MMC: multimedia card
• SDIO: Secure digital Input Output
• GPU: Graphics processing unit.
• DDR: Double data rate
IoT Protocols
Link Layer
• 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. Eg:
802.3 uses co- axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber
optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
• 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication standards
including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band, 802.11b
and 802.11g operates in
• 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band,
802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
• 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
• 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G). B)
Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w
using a hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2*32addresses.
• IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2*128 addresses.
• 6LOWPAN:(IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/
Transport Layer
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with
HTTP and HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented
and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP
ensures reliable transmission of protocols in
• order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time
sensitive applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction
oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
Application Layer
• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request response
model
Stateless protocol.
• CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses
client-server architecture.
• WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection.
• MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based on
publish- subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
• XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and
streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
• DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device or
machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribe model.
• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for business
messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe model
LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT
• IoT Functional Blocks
• IoT Communication Models
• IoT Comm. APIs
IoT Functional Blocks
Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and management
• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,
actuation, monitoring and control functions.
• Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
• Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing
services and services for device discovery.
• Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
• Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
• Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of IoT system.
IoT Communication Models
• Request-Response
• Publish-Subscribe
• Push-Pull
• Exclusive Pair
• Publish-Subscribe communication model:
• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which
are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends
the data to all the subscribed consumers
• Push-Pull communication model:
• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the
data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers
do not need to be aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull.
• Exclusive Pair communication model:
• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server.
• Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
IoT Communication APIs
• REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based Model)
• WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBasedModel)
Request-Response model used by REST:
• RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by
URIs. RESTful web API has a base URI(e.g:
[Link] The clients and requests to these URIs
using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or
DELETE). A RESTful web service can support various internet media types
• WebSocket Based Communication APIs:
WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication
between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair
communication
• IOT Levels and Deployment Templates
• IoT Level 2
• IoT Level 3
• IoT Level 4
• IoT Level 5