XII SCIENCE

COMPUTER SCIENCE - PAPER II

 Introduction to microprocessor and Organization of 8085

 Instruction Set and Programming of 8085
 Introduction to INTEL X-86 Family
 Introduction to Microcontroller
 Networking Technology
Chapter 5 Networking Technology
 Transmission media
• It is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver .We use different types
of cables or wave to transmit data .Data is transmitted normally through electrical or
electromagnetic signals.

• Different media have different properties like bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of
installation and maintenance .Transmission media is also called communication channel.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

1. BANDWIDTH

2. BANDUSAGE

3. ATTENUATION

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERACE

5. COST OF MEDIA

6. INSTALLATION REQUIREMENT
 1. BANDWIDTH
• It refers to the data carrying capacity of a channel or medium.

• Data transmission rates are number of bits transmitted per second.

• Bandwidth of a cable depends on cable length.

• Higher bandwidth communication channel support higher data rates.

• For all cable design maximum length for cable runs are specified.

• Beyond these limit the higher frequency signal can deteriorate and error occurs in data signals.
 2. BANDUSAGE
BASEBAND BROADBAND
1) Only one channel is transmitted on available 1) Many channels is transmitted on available bandwidth.
bandwidth.
2) Original information is directly sent on lines. 2) Information is modulated and indirectly sent in
different form.
3) Small bandwidth can be used. 3) Big bandwidth is required to transmit more channel.
4) Signaling used is digital 4) Signaling used is analog.
5) Twisted wire cable is used. 5) Co-axial cable carries broadband transmission.
6) Eg. LAN or telephone line. 6) Eg. Cable TV channel transmission.
 3. ATTENUATION
• It is measure of how much signal weakens as it travels through a medium.

• As signal travels through a medium part of the signal is absorbed and makes signal weak.

• Attenuation decides the cable length. When signal strength falls below certain limit then
at receiving station noise may appear.

• Repeaters are used to regenerate signal.

 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERACE
• EMI consist of outside electromagnetic noise that distorts the signal in a medium.

• EMI is interfering the signal and make difficult for computer to decode the signal.

• Eg. Crosstalk: crosstalk occurs when the signal from wire is picked by another wire.

• In computer network large no. of cables is located close together therefore crosstalk
is a significant problem in network.
 5. COST OF MEDIA
• One major factor in purchase of networking component is its cost.

• For a new fast technology, cost is also more expensive.

• Depends upon application and standard of the resources.

• Therefore the network designer must settle for something which is cheaper and robust.

6. INSTALLATION REQUIREMENT
• Some transmission media requires skilled labour to install .This increases cost of
network .It may cause certain delay. Before installation we need to prepare actual
physical layout of network.
WIRED
MEDIA
TWISTED PAIR CABLE

CO-AXIAL CABLE

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

 TWISTED PAIR CABLE
• Twisted pair cable consist of two wires of conducting material like copper and insulated
from each other by plastic and twisted together in a helical form.
• It consist of two or more strands of copper wire twisted together.

Types of Twisted Pair

 Advantages of Twisted
pair cable
 This medium is inexpensive and easy to install.
 Twisted wire also reduces crosstalk since wire are twisted it reduces EMI and
also avoid RF radiation .

Disadvantages of Twisted
pair cable
 They can be used only for short distance communication.

 Attenuation is very high.

 It offers very poor security and is relatively easy to tap.

Applications of Twisted
 pair cable
In telephone lines to carry voice and data channel.

 This cable is used to connect a PC to either HUB in local loop.

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
CABLE
Characteristics :

COST UTP cables are cheaper than any other cables.

INSTALLATION UTP cables is easy to install.

CAPACITY Data rate capacity up to 100MBPS up to 100meters.

ATTENUATION Attenuation is more as that of other copper cables.

Restricted to few 100 m.

EMI UTP cables does not have shield.

More sensitive to EMI.
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
CABLE
Characteristics :

COST STP cables is more costly than co-axial or UTP.

INSTALLATION Installation required skilled person depends upon the

type of network.

CAPACITY Data rate capacity up to 155MBPS up to 100 meter.

ATTENUATION Less attenuation and limits the length up to 100 meter.

EMI EMI is reduced due to shielding.

 CO-AXIAL CABLE
 In co-axial cable , there are two conductors sharing a common axis.

 The components of coaxial cables are :

 Center conductor
 Outer conductor
 An insulator
 Plastic jacket

 Two types of Co-Axial Cables

1) Thin net (Base Band Co-axial cable)
2) Thick net (Broad Band Co-axial cable)
 Advantages of Co-axial
cable
 It provide better immunity then twisted pair .This cable is able to transmit data at

higher rates and long distance.

 Its shielding provide better resistance to EMI.

 Attenuation is less than twisted pair cable.

Disadvantages of Co-axial
cable

 It is relatively more expensive than twisted pair but less than fiber optic cable.

 Bandwidth capacity is less than fiber optic cable.

 Applications of Co-axial
cable

 Analog telephone network.

 Digital telephone network.

 Cable TV.
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
 The light wave can be efficiently conduct through transparent glass fiber cable. The
communication carried out by optical fiber cables using light wave is known as fiber optic
communication.

 The center conductor of this cable is a fiber that consist of highly refined glass or plastic.

 Transmit light with less loss.

 The fiber is coated with cladding that reflects signal back into fiber to reduce signal loss.

 A plastic sheet protects the fiber from damage.

Characteristics :

COST The cost is more than that of co-axial cable and twisted pair cable.

INSTALLATION Requires skilled installation. Every cable has minimum band radius.

CAPACITY Support high Data rate up to 2 GBPS even with long run cable.

ATTENUATION Attenuation is much less than co-axial cable and twisted pair cable.

EMI This cable has no sensitivity to EMI.

 Comparison of Bounded /Guided media

Co-axial cable Twisted pair cable

Properties Fiber Optics cable

• Cost Inexpensive More than Co-axial Expensive

• Installation Easy Easy Requires skilled

More but less than

• Attenuation More in case of UTP. Very less
twisted.
Maximum but less than
• EMI Effect Maximum in case of UTP. No Effect
twisted.

• Bandwidth 1 to 100 mbps/100 meters. 1 to 500 mbps/100 meters. Up to 2 Gbps.

Electrical / Electrical /
Electromagnetic Analog Electromagnetic Analog or
• Signal Type or Digital Light Signals.
Digital
WIRELESS MEDIA

 Radio Waves
 Micro Waves

 Infrared Waves
 Laser
 RADIO WAVES
 The radio waves have frequencies between 3GHz and 1GHz .
 Radio waves are omni directional.
 Radio wave can penetrate building easily.
 Different frequency ranges can be used for radio communication.

 As radio waves covers long distance interfare between the user is a problem.
For this reason government license is necessary to transmit radio wave.

 Radio communication having major drawback that it may be

disturbed by rain.
 It offer low bandwidth for data communication .

 Radio waves are widely used for FM radio ,television , cellular

phones and wireless LAN.
 MICROWAVES

 Microwaves are electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1GHz to 300GHz.

 Microwaves are unidirectional. Therefore repeater are required to strengthen the signal

 Microwaves requires line of sight propagation.

 Microwaves are not able to penetrate into walls.

 The distance covered by a line of sight signal depends to a large

extent on the height of the antenna.

 It is widely used for one to one communication , cellular phones and satellitenetworks.
 INFRARED WAVES

 Electromagnetic wave having frequency from 300 GHz to 400 THz are called IR or
infrared waves.

 IR waves are used for short range communication and used line of sight propagation.

 Infrared wave cannot pass through solid object .

 They are cheap , easy to build and do not require any government license to use them .

 IR offer very large bandwidth use.

 LASER

 This type of transmission uses the laser beams to transfer data up to few kilometers.

 Laser beams are unidirectional .

 Such a system offers very high bandwidth at a very low cost.

 This type of transmission system uses line of sight propagation.

 Laser can be used for LAN and WAN transmission.
1) __________________ cable has highest bandwidth.
a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic

2) __________________ cable type support the greatest cable length for computer networking.
a) UTP b) STP c) Thicknet Co-axial d) Thinnet Co-axial

3) Electromagnetic interference is minimum in case of _________________ cable.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic

4) __________________ cable type is ideal for connecting between two building.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Flat

5) _________________ cable has maximum EMI resistance.

a) UTP b) Thinnet c) Thicknet d) Fiber Optic

6) __________________ cable type is most costly among all.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic
 Computer Networking
 A computer network is a group of interconnected computers or a collection of hardware
components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of
resource and information.
 A node can be a computer , printer or any other device capable of sending/receiving data
generated by other nodes in the network.

Wired link Wireless link

Advantages of Computer
networking
 Exchange of Information and software.

 Resources sharing.

 High reliability.

 Access to any file and data.

 Saving money.
 Classification of
• Computer Network
network is classified into three categories based on the geographical area over
which they are spread.

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Local Area Network
 (LAN )network that interconnects
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer computers within a
limited area such as a residence, school building or college campus or office building.
 LAN contains 10 to 1000 PCs in interconnected to each other connected using server.
 Data transfer speed is comparatively high .LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps.
 Due to short distance ,short circuit errors or other noise errors are minimum.
 WAN ( Wide Area
 Network
A WAN spans a geographical area ) or a continent.
, often a country
 WAN have irregular topologies.
 Data transfer rate is comparatively slower.

 A WAN provides long distance transmission of data ,voice image and

video information
 WAN LAN
1) A WAN is the interconnection 1) A LAN is a group of computers
of LAN or interconnected within a small
MAN can be located entirely area such as room , building or
within a state country or around a campus.
the world
2) Data transfer rate is 2) Data transfer rate is
comparatively slower . comparatively high .

3) In Wan ,links may be 3) Co-axial cables are generally

established by using used to
microwave towers or satellite. connect the computer and
other devices.
4) In this network short circuit 4) Due to short distance short
errors, noise circuit error or
errors, atmospheric errors are other noise errors are
higher than any other networks. minimum.
 Network Topology
 A topology defines the arrangement of nodes , cables and connectivity devices that make
up the network.
 Physical Topology : Actual layout of the network transmission media.
It defines the way the network looks.
 Logical Topology : The logical pathway a signal follows as it passes among the
network nodes. It defines the data passes among the nodes.
Types Of Topologies

 BUS Topology

 RING Topology

 STAR Topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
 In Bus topology all devices are connected to a common cable called as backbone
of the network.
 The bus is terminated at end by placing terminator to prevent signal from reflecting
back.

 Most of the buses transmits signal in both direction on the backbone cable and all
workstations are able to receive signals.
 The commonly used implementation for BUS topology is Ethernet.
 Advantages of Bus
Topology
• The bus topology can be extended with sub branches to form another topology
known as Tree topology
• Less expensive and works better for smaller networks.

• Breakdown of any failure node does not affect node’s communication.

Disadvantages of Bus
Topology
• If backbone breaks entire network gets down.
• Difficult to isolate the problem due to single cable.
• Limited number of devices can only be attached
 RING TOPOLOGY
 RING topology are wired in a circle . Each node is connected to its neighbours on either side.
 The data transmits along the ring in one direction only.
 Each device incorporates a receiver and a transmitter.
 Ring topology uses token passing access method .The token passes around the ring and only
node that holds the token can transmit data.
 Advantages of Ring
Topology
 Equal access for all the users.
 Equal node has equal access speed to the ring.
 Transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.

Disadvantages of Ring
Topology
 Costly wiring is required .
 One faulty device affects the entire network. .
 Difficult connections.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
 In star Topology each device is connected to a central device called hub/switch through
cable.
 All data transferred from one node to another passes through hub/switch before
reaching the destination.
 Advantages of Star
Topology
 Centralized management and security can be implemented in the hub/switch .
 Adding or removing of node does not affect the whole network.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of Star
Topology
 Requires more cable length.

 Failure of hub/switch affects the entire network.

 It is more expensive.
1) In __________________ topology connections are made from centre point of server or Hub.
a) Bus b) STAR c) RING d) All of these

2) Thinnet cable can transmit a signal upto _________________ meter without connectivity
device .
a) 500 b) 185 c) 1000 d) 10,000

3) The installation cost of ___________________ cable is maximum.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic

4) __________________ cable type which does not carry electric signals.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber optic

5) Most widely used and economical cable for network installation is ___________________.
a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic

6) The transmission rate of _____________________ is typical for the fiber optic cable.
a) 10mbps b) 25mbps c) 100mbps d) 500mbps
Introduction to connectivity devices

 MODEM

 HUB

 REPEATER

 ROUTER
 Mode
m
Mo dem
Mo

Mo dulator Dem odulator

Digital to Analog Analog to Digital

• Modulator means that it converts digital signals into analog signals and send it over
telephone lines. This process is known as modulation.
• Demodulator means that receiving modem converts analog signals in to digital signals.
This process is known as demodulation.
 Function of modem

Two advantages
1) Modem allows higher speed of transmission on any given analog line.
2) Modem reduces effect of noise and distortion.
 Classification of Modem

• Modem are classified into two categories according to transmission method :

Asynchronous Modem

Synchronous Modem
 Asynchronous Modem
• In asynchronous modems, transmission clock is not used for synchronization
instead it uses bit synchronization.

• Message is kept short.

• It is used to transmit character data.
• Asynchronous transmission is simple and inexpensive technology.
 Synchronous Modems
• Synchronous modems uses clock on transmission and receiving devices.

• A wide variety of data types can be transmitted.

• A long series of bits can also be transmitted.

 HUB

• HUB is a connecting device in which cables are connected to centralize network,

traffic through a single connecting point.
• The HUB contains multiple ports.

• HUB are of three types :

1) Active hub
2) Passive hub
3) Switching hub
Active hub
• It is a central connecting device in a networking that strengthen the signal
prior to sending them to the destination device i.e. it amplifies the signal .
• This hub contains electronic circuits.

Passive hub
• Passive hub do not amplify the signal before broadcasting
them over a network.
• They simply maintain physical connection and received
frames are rebroadcasted across all over the network.

Switching hub or intelligent hub

• It reads the destination address of each packet and then forward

the packet to correct port.
• It can be used in place of router.
 Repeater
• A repeater is a hardware unit mostly used in Ethernet to extend.

• A repeater reshapes and amplifies the signal from one Ethernet segment to another.

• No two ethernet workstations can have more than two repeater between them.

• The main disadvantage of repeaters is that they repeat noise in the system.

• Separate power supply is needed for repeaters.

 Router
• Router are internetwork connectivity devices. They are used to connect two
topologies similar or dissimilar LANS.
• Router can use network address to assist efficient delivery of message.
Routers performs routing.
• Router are intelligent. They can use algorithms to determine most efficient path for
sending a packet to any given network.
• Router are also employed to connect LAN to WAN.

• Router are of two types :

1) Static router 2) Dynamic router
1) The process of modulation and demodulation is done by device namely ________________
a) HUB b) Router c) Repeater d) Modem

2) The conversion from digital to analog and vice-versa is done by _________________

a) HUB b) Router c) Repeater d) Modem

3) The device used to extend cable length of a network is ___________________________

a) HUB b) Router c) Repeater d) Modem

4) __________________ does not regenerate the computer signal in the networks.

a) Passive Hub b) Active Hub c) Repeater d) All of these

5) _____________ cables uses light signal to transmit data.

a) UTP b) STP c) Co-axial d) Fiber Optic

6) If the length of cable is very long then ______________ is used in between to bring the
weakend signal to its original level.
a) HUB b) Router c) Repeater d) Modem
1) A device used for modulation and demodulation process in the network is ______________.
a) Hub b) Router c) Modem d) Repeater

2) The device used to extend cable length of a network is ____________ .

a) Hub b) Router c) Modem d) Repeater

3) In _____________ topology connection are made from centre point of server or hub.
a) BUS b) STAR c) RING d) All of thes

4) __________________ does not regenerate the computer signal in networks.

a) Passive Hub b) Active Hub c) Repeater d) All of these

5) If the network is to be extended beyond predefined cable limit _____________ is used.

a) Hub b) Router c) Modem d) Repeater

6) The cell phone uses _______________ transmission technology.

a) Radio b) Microwave c) Infrared d) Satellite
 NETWORK
ARCHITECTURES
Ethernet
• Ethernet is a local area network technology.
• Ethernet devices can have a few hundred meters of cable between them.
• Ethernet devices are connected to a common shared medium.
• Ethernet network transmit data in small units called frames.
• Each frame must contains source address as well as destination address , which identifies
recipient and sender of message. The address will uniquely identify node. No two Ethernet
devices can have same address.
 According to their data transmission speed and physical media type there are some
standard type of Ethernet such as :

 10 BASE 2
• This uses thin net of co-axial cables.
• Each network connects directly to the network cable with a T-
connector.
• The minimum cables distance between clients is 1.5 feet.
• The entire network cabling scheme cannot exceed 925 meters.

 10 BASE 5

• This uses thick net of co-axial cables.

• 10 BASE 5 uses an external transceiver to attach to the network adapter
card.
• The minimum cables distance between transceiver is 2.5 meters.

• The entire network cabling scheme cannot exceed 2500 meters.

 10 BASE T
• This uses UTP cables.
• The maximum number of computer on a LAN is 1024.
• The cable segment length is 100 meters

 10 BASE FL

• 10 BASE FL is a specification for Ethernet over fiber optic cable.

• This supports a maximum cabling distance of about 2000 meters and eliminate any
electrical complications.
 ACCESS
• METHODS
An access method is a set o rules governing how the network nodes share the transmission
medium.

• There are three most important types of media access method is :

Contention
Polling
Token passing
 Contention
• In contention , any computer in the network can transmit at any time.
• This system breaks down when two computers attempt to transmit at same time.
This is a case of collision.
• To avoid collision, carrier sensing mechanism is used.
Collision

• Contention method is most popular media access control method on LANs.

 Polling
• In polling based system , there is a device called master device to poll other devices on
the network to see whether they are ready to either transmit or receive data.

• This access method is not widely used on the network because the polling itself
cause a fair amount of network traffic.

MASTER

POLLING
 Token passing
• Token passing utilizes a frame called a token, which is circulated around the network.

• A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receive the token.
• When computer receives token, it to transmit.
• When computer completes transmitting, it is passes the token frame to the next station or
token ring network.
TOKEN
 Protocols
• A protocol is defined as an agreement between communication particle for how
communication should be proceed.
• Protocol are rules by which computer communicates .
• Internet Protocol are called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol).

• TCP/IP uses three type of address for network addressing.

• Hardware or physical address, it is used by the data link and physical layers. It is hard
coded into the network card at each device.

• Internet protocol address provides logical node identification. This address is unique
address assigned by an administrator according to certain guidelines. It is expressed in
32 bit format . e.g. [Link]
• Logical node names, which an administrator can assign, are easier to remember
than an IP address.
e.g. [Link] , [Link]
 Assignment No. 1
Q. 1 What is Transmission Media ? Explain the characteristics of
Transmission Media.

Q.2 Explain bandwidth , attenuation and electromagnetic

interference.

Q.3 Compare the characteristics of fiber optic cable and co-axial

cable

Q.4 Write a short note on Co-axial cable with suitable figure.

Q. 5 Compare the characteristics of UTP and fiber optic l

cable

Q. 6 What do you mean by computer network ? Give any for

advantages of computer
Q.8 What is MODEM ? Explain Synchronous and Asynchronous
Modem.

Q.9 Explain the following access method in brief.

1) Contention 2) Token passing

Q.10 What is HUB / Give its types and explain.

Q.11 Write a short note on Ethernet

Q. 12 Explain the Ring topology and Token passing.

Q. 13 Write the function of each of the following device in short

:
1) modem 2) router 3) hub 4) repeater

Q.14 What is meant by Protocol ? Explain the concept of TCP/IP

Q. 15 Define the term ‘Topology ‘ Explain various topology with
diagram.

Q.16 Draw the diagram of Fiber optic Cable and explain.

Q.17 Explain Router in detail.

Q.18 Write a short note on Microwave Transmission and

Radio Transmission

Q. 19 Compare at least three characteristics of UTP and STP

cable.

Q. 20 Explain STAR Topology with necessary diagram .State its

advantages.
Q. 22 List the Access method. Explain any one.

Q.23 Explain in short 1) Star Topology 2) Bus Topology 3) Ring

Topology
1) All the systems on a network must follow a set of common rules called as
a) Protocol b) Interface c) Conversions d) None of these

2) Bus topologies are suited for networks that uses ___________ access method.
a) contention b) token passing c) polling d) None of these

3) In TCP/IP is ________________ protocol.

a) Connectionless b) Connection Oriented c) Address Resolution d) Datagram

4) A _____________ is a set of rules governing the Share of Transmission Medium network.

a) Frame b) Protocol c) Access method d) Topology

5) If the network is to be extended beyond predefined cable limit _____________ is used.

a) Hub b) Router c) Modem d) Repeater

6) ________________ cable uses light signals to transmit data.

a) UTP b) STP c) Fiber optic d) Coaxial
 END

OF

NETWORKING TECHONOLOGY

SESSION 6