INTRODUCTION TO ECG 422
This course deals with the work of surveying in Civil Engineering practices.
Students will be introduced to surveying equipment, surveying techniques and
analysis.
Course outcomes
Acquire basic fundamentals of engineering survey
Set up and operate theodolite, level and modern surveying equipment
Apply knowledge and conduct field survey project
Interpret data taken from stated surveying equipment
Nurture leaders or managers as well as an effective team member
Engineering Survey - ECG422
ASSESSMENT
Field work and reports(group) 20%
Test and soft skills 20%
Total Continuous assessment
40%
Final exam
60%
Total
100%
Engineering Survey - ECG422
FIELD WORK
P1- linear distance measurement, angle observation and bearing
determination
P2- levelling to transfer height from BM to TBM
P3- tacheometry to determine horizontal distance and height
P4- traverse by total station instrument
P5- details survey to produce detail survey plan and contours
P6- setting out building , bridge or road curve
Engineering Survey - ecg422
FIELD WORK
Engineering Survey ECG422
Land Surveying Definitions
Land surveying is the science of determining the
dimensions and shape of natural or man made features
or three dimensional characteristics of the earth
surface by measurements of distance, directions and
elevations.
Land surveying is the art of making such measurement
of relative positions of points on the surface of the
earth, drawing them to scale whether natural or
artificial features.
Land surveying is also the art and science of making
field measurements on or near the surface of the
earth’s. Survey field measurements include horizontal,
slope, and vertical distance and also horizontal and
vertical angles.
Engineering Survey - ECG422
Engineering Survey - ECG422
Objectives of Surveying
Preparation of maps, plans, sections etc.
the determination of relative positions of natural and
artificial features on the earth surface, so that correctly
represented on maps, plans or sections.
Setting out
is the process to transfer information from plan to the
ground using surveying instruments.
Computation areas and volumes
the execution of calculations for land areas, earthworks
volume are based on field measurements or measurement
exstracted from maps, plans and sections.
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Surveying Classification
Plane Surveying
Where surveys cover such a small parts of the earth’s
surface that the curvature of the earth can be ignored,
then the operations are termed plane surveying.
Geodetic Surveying
Where measurements cover such a large part of the earth
surface like the whole country or continental, that the
curvature of the earth cannot be ignored, then the
operation termed geodetic surveying.
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Types of surveys
Cadastral/Title Engineering Geodetic
Topographical Land Surveying Hydrographic
GIS
Photogrammetry
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Classification according to the techniques used
Off-set survey
Traverse survey
Tacheometry survey
Triangulation
Trilateration
Air survey or photogrammetry
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Classification by the instrument used
Theodolite survey
Compass survey
Chain survey
Tapes survey
GPS survey
Plane table survey
Engineering Survey – ECG422
4 Basic Principles of Survey
Line ties Off-set
A
A
D
C
C
Traverse Intersection & Resection
A A
C
B C
θ
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Errors in surveying
Sources of errors
i. Natural or nature eg. Temperature, air
pressure, humidity, winds
ii. Instrumental eg. Chain used is not standard
whether longer or shorter than the standard
iii. Personal or human being eg. Wrong reading
88 instead of 58, wrong writing, wrong
calculation
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Three types of errors
Mistakes (blunders or gross errors)
-cause by human being or surveyor
-mistakes can happen at early stage, middle or at
the end of the survey
-anybody can do mistakes, boys or girls, young or
old, professional or not professional.
-to overcome mistakes, check the reading, read
more than one time, read by another person
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Three types of errors(cont…)
Systematic or cumulative error
-due to the instrument used not standard
-consistent characteristic
-value of the error can be determined
-these error can be eliminated by applying correction
Random or accidental error
-cause by different capabilities of the instrument used
and the surveyor
-the remaining error after all mistakes and systematic
errors eliminated is call random
-these error are small, and they cannot be eliminated
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Characteristic of random errors
Small error occur more often than large one
Positive and negative error are equally alike
Very large error seldom occur
The distribution of the errors approximate closely
to the normal distribution curve
Examples:
1/8000 for linear accuracy ratio
1’ 10” for angular mis-closure
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy
Is the relationship between the value of a
measurement and the true value of dimension being
measured
The accuracy ratio of a measurement or series of
measurements is the ratio of error to the overall
value of measurement, expressed as with a fraction
with a numerator of 1 and a denominator rounded to
the closest 100 units. Example, an error of 0.01 ft in
30 ft would result in an accuracy ratio of 1 : 3000
Precision
Is the refinement of the measuring process and the
ability to repeat the same measurement with
consistently small variations in the measurements
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Sight Aligned Sight Misalinged
(high Accuracy) (Low Accuracy)
Shortgun
(Low Precision)
Rifle
(High Precision)
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Guideline to carry-out survey work
Control – each survey should be provided with an
accurate control framework, normally the lower order
being fitted to control framework with higher order
Economical – the accuracy aimed should be appropriate
to the needs of the particular task. As a general rule,
the higher the accuracy then the higher the cost
Independent check – every survey operation should
either be self checking or independent check
Field data – the results of a survey should be write
follow survey regulation and field documents should
be kept for future use
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Ordinary
Fiberglass Tape
Tape
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Compass
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Survey Chain
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Precise Level Instrument Rotating Laser Instrument
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Automatic Level
Theodolite
Engineering Survey – ECG422
Some Survey Instruments
Doing Survey Work
Engineering Survey – ECG422