CHAPTER 2
MOBIL E COMPU T ING T E C H NOLOGIE S
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMPUTING
2.1.1 Mobile computing aspect:
a) Mobile communication
Communication issues include ad hoc networks and
infrastructure networks as well as communication
properties, protocols, data formats and concrete
technologies.
b) Mobile hardware
Hardware includes mobile devices or device components.
c) Mobile software
Mobile software deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMPUTING
2.1.2 Evolution of mobile computing
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMPUTING
2.1.3 Mobile computing components:
a) Infrastructure
b) Communications
c) Devices
d) Platform
e) Application
a) Infrastructure
b) Communications
• Presenting comprehensive coverage of this fast
moving field, Wireless Communications and Mobile
Computing provides the R&D communities working
in academia and the telecommunications and
networking industries with a forum for sharing
research and ideas.
• Menyampaikan liputan komprehensif bidang
bergerak pantas ini, Wireless Communications dan
Mobile Computing menyediakan komuniti R & D
yang bekerja di akademik dan industri
telekomunikasi dan rangkaian dengan forum untuk
berkongsi penyelidikan dan idea
c) Devices
• Is any device that is created using mobile
componentsd, such as mobile hardware and
software. Mobile computing devices are protable
devices capable of operating, executing and
providing services and application like a typical
computing device.
Type of mobile computing device
• Portable computer
• Laptop
• Smartphones and tables
c) Devices
Tablet Mobile
phone Plamtop
s
Laptop
PDA’s
d) Platform
A platform is a group of technologies that are used as
a base upon which other applications, processes or
technologies are developed.
Type of mobile computing platform
• Hardware Platform
• Operating System
• Client/Server
• Mobile Platform
e) Application
A type of application software designed to run on a
mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet
computer.
Apps are generally small, individual software units
with limited function.
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMPUTING
2.1.4 Three tier architecture for mobile computing:
a) Presentation tiers (User Interface)
This layer deal with user facing device handling and rendering. this tier
includes a user system interface where user service reside.
b) Application tiers (Process Management)
This layer is capable of accommodating hundreds of users.
The middle process management tier controls transaction and
asynchronous queuing to ensure reliable completion of transaction
c) Data tiers(Database Management)
his Layer is for database access and management.
he three-tier architecture is better suited for an effective networked
client/server design. It provide increased performance , flexibility ,
maintainability , reusability and scalability , while hiding the complexity
of distributed processing from user.
Tier Architecture…cont..
Tier Architecture…cont..
Tier Architecture…cont..
Tier Architecture…cont..
Tier Architecture…cont..
Tier Architecture…cont..
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
2.2.1 Wireless system architecture:
a) Logical architecture of wireless network
The logical architecture of wireless network is not visible.
Refers to the structure of standards and protocols that
enable connections to be established between physical
devices, or nodes, and which control the routing and flow
of data between these nodes.
Defines the network’s protocols rules by which two
entities communicate.
b) Physical architecture of a wireless network
The physical architecture of a wireless network is easy to
understand because it’s usually visible.
Mainly, it consists of hardware:
Physical Architecture Logical Architecture
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
2.2.2 Wireless network system components
i. Wireless network interface card (NIC)
This card acts as the radio receiver and transmitter for a specific computer and
connects it into the WLAN.
Many modern laptops or tablets have this Wi-Fi capability built-in, but with
desktop PCs you may need to install one.
ii. Wireless access points
Central access point is basically the wireless equivalent of a LAN hub. It is a
small box with one or more aerials, and a connector to attach it to the rest of
your wired LAN.
Access points receive and transmit data from and to all the wireless devices in
their area.
iii. Wireless bridges
Enable high-speed long-range outdoor links between buildings.
iv. Antenna
produce a more concentrated signal, focused on a narrower area and give you a
better range.
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
2.2.3 Cellular network basic concept
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the
last link is wireless.
The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least
one fixed-location transceiver, but more normally three cell sites or base
transceiver stations.
These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be
used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content.
A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to
avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.
When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide
geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems,
pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and
telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the
transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
2.2.4 Evolution of wireless generation
a) 1G
b) 2G
c) 3G
d) 4G
e) 5G
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
2.2.5 Information signal
Communications systems—such as a wireless network—
symbolize data using codes that electrical, radio, and
light signals efficiently represent.
The signals carry the information through the system
from one point to another.
The signals are either digital or analog, depending on
their location within the system.
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
• Digital Signal
Digital signals are composed of pulses of precise, positive
voltages and zero voltages.
A pulse of positive voltage represents a 1. A pulse of zero
voltage represents a 0.
Every pulse in the digital signal is called a binary digit, or bit.
A bit can have only one of two possible values: 1 or 0. Eight
bits together form a byte.
using of discrete signals to represent information/data.
Number, letters or icons are all examples of digital signal.
Advantage:
more reliable than analog transmission
noise affects digital transmission less severely
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
• Analog Signal
Electronic signal that varies directly with time changes
for an infinite range of time.
Your speech, a siren, and live music are all examples of
analog waves.
using of continuous signals to represent information/data.
Wireless networks generally use analog signals at 2.4
GHz, which is in a band of frequencies referred to as
radio waves.
An analog signal is characterized by four fundamental
properties: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase.
2.2 UNDERSTANDS WIRELESS SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE…cont…
Digital Signal Analog Signal
2.3 MOBILE COMPUTING OS
2.3.1 Mobile computing OS
• mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically designed to
run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs,
tablet computers.
a) iOS technology
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and
developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware.
It is the operating system that presently many of the company's mobile
devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.
b) Android technology
mobile operating system developed by Google(2008), based on a modified
version of the Linux kernel and other open source software
designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets.
Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and
other electronics.