Exploring
Text Types
**Gulsen AKKOC
& Structures
BRAINSTORM
What types of texts
can you think of?
Types of Texts
ESSAYS ARTICLES REVIEWS
LETTERS - EMAILS DIARY / BLOG ENTRY BROCHURES
Types of Texts
BEFORE YOU START WRITING…
THINK ABOUT…
• Who is the audience to read this text ?
• What is the purpose of the text ?
ESSAYS
An essay is a piece of writing
in which you can state your
organized thoughts about a
topic.
EXAMPLES
Informative Texts
Opinion essays, argumentative
essays, persuasive essays
STRUCTURE OF ESSAY
INTRODUCTION : The first paragraph in an essay contains introductory sentences
linked to the question. The purpose of the opening sentence is to grab reader's
attention.
THE MAIN BODY : Essay should have ideas to prove the main thesis. So , devide
your essay into a series of supporting points with paragraphs: include clear
explanations of evidences. Give examples and details.
CONCLUSION: Add some sentences that underline the importance of the topic.
State why your thesis is important.
SAMPLE ESSAY
ARTICLES
Magazine/ Newspaper articles
explore a range of issues, opinions,
experiences and ideas.
EXAMPLES
Informative Texts
Magazine/ Newspaper articles
Clear and concise language, objective tone, use of evidence and examples,
logical reasoning, and informative headings and subheadings.
STRUCTURE OF ARTICLES
TITLE OR HEADLINE : The title grabs reader's attention and persuades them to
read the article.
INTRODUCTION : This part captures the attention of readers and make them want
to read further. (ask a provocative question like “Do you really need a Degree ?” ,
make a provocative statement like “In the future no one will need to speak
English !” )
THE MAIN BODY : The middle section consists of number of paragraphs that
expand the main topic of the article.
CONCLUSION: Sum up the article.
SAMPLE ARTICLE
Magazine article ?
Newspaper article ?
Informative texts aim to provide factual information or knowledge to the reader. They focus on informing the audience.
REVIEWS
A review is a form of journalism
found in magazines, newspapers
and blogs. In a review you share
your opinions about a new book,
film, video or concert.
EXAMPLES
book, film, video or concert
reviews
STRUCTURE OF REVIEW
INTRODUCTION : The purpose of the opening sentence is to grab reader's
attention.
THE MAIN BODY : Introduce the film. Analyse it. Recommend or criticize the film.
CONCLUSION: Describe your overall reaction to the film.
Informative texts typically follow a logical structure, such as introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
SAMPLE REVIEW
Film review or book review?
FORMAL & INFORMAL LETTERS
**A formal letter is a professional or
official piece of communication,
typically written for business,
academic, or governmental
purposes.
**An informal letter is a personal
letter written to friends, family, or
Functional Texts acquaintances for casual
EXAMPLES
communication.
formal letter, informal letter
STRUCTURE OF FORMAL & INFORMAL LETTERS
Characteristics of FORMAL LETTERS:
•Structure: Includes sender’s address, date, recipient’s address, salutation (e.g., Dear Sir/Madam), body, closing
remarks, and signature.
•Tone: Polite, professional, and respectful.
•Purpose: Used for job applications, complaints, business proposals, official requests, or letters to authorities.
•Examples:
• Job application letter
• Complaint letter
• Business letter
• Letter to the editor
Characteristics of INFORMAL LETTERS:
•Structure: Does not have a strict format but usually includes a greeting, body, and closing.
•Tone: Friendly, warm, and conversational.
•Purpose: Used for personal communication, sharing news, invitations, or greetings.
•Examples:
• Letter to a friend
• Congratulatory letter
• Invitation letter
• Letter of apology
SAMPLE LETTER
FORMAL - INFORMAL LETTER?
E-mails
**A formal EMAIL is a professional
or official piece of digital
communication, typically written for
business, academic, or
governmental purposes.
**An informal EMAIL is a personal
digital letter written to friends,
Functional Texts family, or acquaintances for casual
EXAMPLES
communication.
formal e-mails, informal e-
mails
DIARY / JOURNAL ENTRY
A diary entry is a personal account
that describes what you did, saw or
felt on particular occasion. Diaries
are private rather than public.
EXAMPLES
Personal diaries and
journal entries.
Narrative Texts
SAMPLE DIARY ENTRY
TEXT STRUCTURE
Reflective texts explore
personal thoughts,
experiences, or
introspection. They may not
have a fixed structure but
generally follow a
chronological or thematic
order.
**First-person perspective,
self-analysis, introspection,
emotional language, and
expression of personal
growth.
BLOG ENTRY
A blog can be a sort of online diary.
However, whereas a diary is
essentially private, you write a blog
so that other people can read it.
Descriptive Texts
EXAMPLES
Narrative driven blogs,
thesis-driven blogs
SAMPLE BLOG ENTRY
TEXT STRUCTURE
Reflective texts explore
personal thoughts,
experiences.
Address your audience
directly and you can ask
your readers to respond to
**First-person
your ideas. perspective,
self-analysis, introspection,
emotional language, and
expression of personal
growth.
BROCHURES
Businesses clubs organizations and governments use leaflets and flyers to
communicate information. Brochures have a similar function but are longer,
running to several pages these texts can advertise a service or a protect or
draw attention to a cause or event
EXAMPLES
Leaflets, flyers
**Informative and persuasive T
SAMPLE BROCHURE
TEXT STRUCTURE
opening/ heading/ title> the title should be brief
summarizing the point. Try to use a short memorable
phrase
**subheadings > use subheadings to give further
explanation you can also use headings to separate
your ideas
** body text > use short paragraphs and mark them
with headings make sure your first sentence is
contained the point of the message begin with the
benefits of your message four **close make sure your
readers know what to do next include an e-mail
address telephone number website or some other
SPEECHES
Speech is addressed to a listening audience. The speaker wishes to make an
impact hold the attention of the audience and convince them of an idea.
Person to person discussion.
types of speech Thesis-driven speeches big idea evidence final thought.
Problem driven speeches > cause effect and solution problem and solution
advantage and disadvantage
EXAMPLES
Thesis-driven speeches , problem driven speeches
**Informative and persuasive T
TEXT STRUCTURE SAMPLE SPEECHE
Firstly greet your audience grab their attention
and make sure they understand the topic. You will
then need to give a one sentence summary of
your speech topic and your point of view or angle
for example **green politics is no longer just a
passing fashion it's a necessity !!** the main body
of your speech may well look like an essay or a
reasoned argument it will contain supporting
paragraphs with topic sentences supporting
examples or evidence and explanations in
conclusion part it will contain the summary of your
key ideas you can do this by restating your thesis
statement or question then restating the key ideas
from the body of your speech remember to restate
the benefit of your ideas to your audience .
THE END
Thank you for
listening!
Resources