23CSE205

Digital Electronics
Course Introduction
 Course Objectives
• To provide an understanding of basic building blocks of digital circuits
• To enable the understanding of Boolean algebra and logic function
optimization
• To enable design of combinational and sequential circuits

Architecture components
Hardware principles
Processing the signals

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Possible roles the student will be eligible for after learning the
course:
 Digital Design Engineer Industries where digital engineers are in demand:
 Verification Engineer
 Hardware Engineer
 IoT Developer
 Embedded Software Engineer
 VLSI/EDA Tool Developer
 Research Engineer (Digital Systems)
 Hardware Architect

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 Communication

IC: [Link]

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 Signals
• Gestures, actions, sounds, expressions tell us some information, and these are
the ways of communicating one to other.
• Signal is a way of communicating by sending information from one system to
other system. In other words, signal is a function that represents information
or data.
• Signal is an electromagnetic wave that carries information through physical
medium. Here the data is converted into electromagnetic signal either as
analog or digital and sent from sender to receiver.
• Analog data is continuous, allowing for an infinite number of possible
values. (amplitude can take any value over a continuous range)
• Digital data is discrete, allowing for a finite set of values. (amplitude can
take only discrete and finite values)
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 Analog to Digital Conversion
• One can convert an analog signal to a digital signal by sampling and
quantizing (collectively called analog-to-digital conversion, or ADC)
• Signal loss is unavoidable during the conversion process
Sampling Process
• The sampling process is a basic operation in the digital communication.
• In this process, the continuous-time analog signal is sampled by measuring its
amplitude at a discrete instants.
• So, the continuous-time analog signal is converted into a corresponding
sequence of samples that are usually spaced uniformly in time.
• It is necessary to choose the sampling rate properly, so the sequence of
samples uniquely defines the original analog signal.
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 Analog to Digital Conversion
• To sample a continuous-time signal x(t) is to represent x(t) at a discrete
number of points, t = nT, where T is the sampling period.

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 Analog to Digital Conversion
Quantization
• In order to process the sampled signal digitally, the sample values have to be
quantized to a finite number of levels, and each value can then be represented
by a string of bits.
• To quantize a sample value is to round it to the nearest point among a finite
set of permissible values.
• Therefore, a distortion will inevitably occur. This is called quantization noise
(or error).

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 Analog, Discrete and Digital signals
0 V mapped to 0
5 V mapped to 1

If the number of
values between 0
and 5 V is more, we
need more bits.

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Realistic view

• An analogue sound wave is picked up by a microphone and sent to an Analogue to

Digital (ADC) converter in the form of analogue electrical signals. The ADC converts
the electrical signals into digital values which can be stored on a computer.
Once in a digital format you can edit sounds with programs such as audacity.
To play digital audio you convert the sound from digital values into analogue electrical
signals using the DAC, these signals are then passed to a speaker that vibrating the
speaker cone, moving the air to create sound waves and analogue noise.

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 Conversion
• Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) - Converts analogue sound into digital
signals that can be stored on a computer
• Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) - Converts digital signals stored on a
computer into analogue sound that can be played through devices such as
speakers.
Digital data and processing is more related to
CSE graduates.

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 Conversion – How is it done?

fig 1. The original analogue sound

wave is a continuous set of points.

fig 2. ADC converts sound into digital

data.

fig 3. DAC converts digital data into

analogue sound, the analogue wave
produced may differ significantly from
the original sound wave

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 Conversion from Analog and Binary value

Eg; Analog Voltage is 2.12 V => Hex Value is 1B2=> Decimal value is 434 => 0b 01 1011 0010
2.12 v is in between 1.25V and 2.5 V and the hex value for2.12 V is 0x1B2 which is between 0x0FF and 0x1FF

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 This table shows a 10-bit ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) mapping analog voltages (0V
to 5V) into binary and hexadecimal values.

10-bit resolution = 2¹⁰ = 1024 discrete levels

Range: 0 to 1023 (which is 0b0000000000 to 0b1111111111)
So:
0V → 0
5V → 1023
Each step ≈ 5V / 1023 ≈ 0.00489V per level

Pattern Observed
•Each 1.25V step increases the digital
value by 255:
• 0V→0
• 1.25 V → 255
• 2.5 V → 511
• 3.75 V → 767
• 5.0 V → 1023
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Analog Signals Digital Signals
Digital signal have two or more states and in
Analog signal is continuous and time varying.
binary form.

Troubleshooting of analog signals are difficult. Troubleshooting of digital signals are easy.

An analog signal is usually in the form of sine An digital signal is usually in the form of square
wave. wave.

Easily affected by the noise. These are stable and less prone to noise.

Analog signals use continous values to represent Digital signals use discrete values to represent the
the data. data.
Accuracy of the analog signals may be affected by Accuracy of the digital signals are immune from
noise. the noise.
Analog signals may be affected during data Digital signals are not affacted during data
transmission. transmission.
Analog signals use more power. Digital signals use less power.
Examples: Temperature, Pressure, Flow
Examples: Valve Feedback, Motor Start, Trip, etc.
measurements, etc.

Components like resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Components like transistors, logic gates, and
Diodes are used in analog circuits. micro-controllers are used in Digital circuits.

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Components of Digital Electronics

• Digital electronics consist of numerous components that are used for

performing specific functions. These components are divided into two
categories, namely:
• Active Components
• Passive Components

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Active Components

• An electrical circuit element that may provide the circuit with power or
increase the circuit's power is referred to as an active element or active
component.
• Energy sources (voltage or current sources), alternators or generators, and
semiconductor devices like transistors, photodiodes, etc., are typical
examples of active circuit elements.
• The circuit component, known as the active elements, is entirely in charge
of the circuit's electric current flow.

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 Passive Components

• A passive circuit component, or simply passive component, is a circuit

part that can only receive electrical energy and dissipate it as heat or
store it in either a magnetic field or an electric field.
• As a result, in an electric circuit, a passive component cannot produce
electric power or power amplification. The resistor, inductor, capacitor,
and transformer, among other components, are typical examples of
passive circuit components.

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 Logic Gates
• Logic gates are the basic components of the digital circuit with one output and more
than one input.
• AND, OR, and NOT gates are the basic gates, while NAND and NOR are the universal
gates.
• EX-OR and EX-NOR are the special gates.

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 Digital Electronics
• Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital
signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them. This is in
contrast to analog electronics and analog signals.
• Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic
gates, often packaged in integrated circuits.

• Digital Processors:
• Capable of detecting binary signals: is the button pressed or not?
• When a digital system is powered from five volts, it understands zero volts (0V) as a
binary 0 and a five volts (5V) as a binary 1.
• The world however is not so simple and likes to use shades of gray. What if the signal
is 2.72V? Is that a zero or a one?

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 • In most digital systems, a range of voltages is mapped to either a logical "0"
or "1".
• A voltage near 2.72V would likely fall within the "1" range, but a precise
determination requires knowing the system's defined voltage levels for "0"
and "1".

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 Why Digital Electronics?
• Any physical signal is an analog signal.
• The thing about analog signals is that they are infinite in nature.
• There are infinite numbers of sounds we can hear, there are infinite colors
to perceive, and there are infinite numbers between the 1 and 2.
• Digital on the other hand deals with discrete or finite signals or
finite.
• There is only a ‘2’ between 1 and 3; no infinity.
• As you can imagine, dealing with analog signals is very difficult.
They are difficult to store and even more difficult to process. This is
where analog to digital converters come into play.

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 Why Digital Electronics for CSE?
• Understand Hardware
• how computers work
• Logic design
• To get know how computers process information
• Programming Efficiency
• Knowledge about hardware helps to optimize your design
• Alternate design options
• Problem-solving skills
• Sharper thinking skills
• Interdisciplinary knowledge
• GATE CS - Subject

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 Course Overview

World of
Logic
digital - Logic Gates
language
Boolean

Combination Sequential
al Circuits Circuits

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 Course Objectives (Recap)
• To provide an understanding of basic building blocks of digital circuits
• To enable the understanding of Boolean algebra and logic function
optimization
• To enable design of combinational and sequential circuits

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 Course Assessments
S. Assessment Weightag
No e
1. Mid Term 30
2. Continuous Assessment 30
3. End Semester Theory 40
Total 100

[Link] Assessment Weightage

1 Tutorial 1 – 1*10 10
2 Tutorial 2 – 1*10 10
3 Home Assignment 10
( Design Part)
Total 30

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 Where to learn?
• Textbook(s)
• Stephen Brown, Zvonko Vranesic, “Fundamentals of Digital logic with Verilog
Design”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, Special Indian Edition,
2007.
• R. D. Sudhakar Samuel, “Logic Design: A Simplified Approach”, Sanguine Technical
Publishers, Edition 1, 2006
• Reference(s)
• M Morris Mano and Michael D Ciletti, “Digital Design with Introduction to the
Verilog HDL”, Pearson Education, Fifth Edition, Fifth Edition, 2015
• John F. Wakerly, “Digital Design Principles and Practices”, Fourth Edition, Pearson
Education, 3rd Ed, 2008.
• Donald D Givone, “Digital Principles and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, 2003.

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 Lab – 23CSE285 – Digital Electronics lab
Separate Course
• Experiments related to theory content.
• Initial labs in Simulation and then start with kits.
• First experiment is Logic gates.
• Separate observation notebook and to be maintained like a record work.
• Course assessment details will be given on Friday session.

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