Unit-4
Single-Factor Experiments
Experiments in which only a single factor varies while all others are kept
constant are called single-factor experiments.
In such experiments, the treatments consist only of the different levels of the
single variable factor. However, All other factors are applied uniformly to all plots
at a single prescribed level.
Examples:
•Different varieties ( i.e treatments) in which the variety planted differs from
one experimental plot to another and all management factors, such as fertilizer,
insect control, and water management, are applied uniformly to all plots.
•" Fertilizer trials where several rates of a single fertilizer element are tested.
•Insecticide trials where several insecticides are tested.
•Plant-population trials where several plant densities are tested.
There are two groups of experimental design that are applicable to a
single-factor experiment.
1. One group is the family of complete block designs,
which is suited for experiments with a small number of treatments and is
characterized by blocks, each of which contains at least one complete set of
treatments.
Example: A. completely randomized design (CRD)
B. randomized complete block (RCBD)
C. Latin square designs(LSD)
2. The other group is the family of incomplete block designs, which is
suited for experiments with a large number of treatments and is characterized
by blocks, each of which contains only fraction of the treatments to be
tested. E.g in breeding
Examples: A. Latice balanced block design (LBBD)
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD)
A completely randomized design (CRD) is one assigned completely at random so
that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one
treatment.
Each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment.
For the CRD, any difference among experimental units receiving the same
treatment is considered as experimental error. Higher homogeneity??
Hence, the CRD is only appropriate for experiments with homogeneous
experimental units, such as laboratory experiments, where environmental
effects are relatively easy to control.
In CRD the treatments are assigned to the experimental units without
restriction.
Advantages of CRD
flexible in terms of the number of treatments in each replication, simple for
statistical analysis,
Missing data has no effect on the analysis. Why?
Disadvantages of CRD
Gives less precision in heterogeneous experimental units.
All variations other than that of the treatment are considered as experimental
error.
Randomization and Layout of CRD
The step-by-step procedures for randomization and layout of a CRD are
given here for a field experiment with four treatments A, B, C, and D, each
replicated five times.
STEP 1. Determine the total number of experimental plots (n) as the
product of the number of treatments (t) and the number of replications
(r); that is, n = (r)(t). For our example, n = (5)(4) = 20.
STEP 2. Assign a plot number to each experimental plot in any convenient manner;
for example, consecutively from 1 to n. For our example, the plot numbers 1,..., 20 are
assigned to the 20 experimental plots as shown
STEP 3. Assign the treatments to the experimental plots by Random method such as
drawing cards and lots.
A sample layout of a completely randomized design with four treatments (A, B, C, and
D) each replicated five times.
Analysis of Variance of CRD with equal of replication
Example: 1. Grain Yield of Rice Resulting from Use of Different Insecticides for
the Control of insects, from a CRD Experiment with 4 (r) Replications and 7 (t)
Treatments
STEP 1. Group the data by treatments and calculate the treatment totals (T)
and grand total (G).
Treatment total (T) = have a look the above table
Grand total (G)= have a look in the table above
Grand mean = have a look in the table above
STEP 2. Construct an outline of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) as follows:
STEP 3. Using t to represent the number of treatments and r, the number of
replications, determine the degree of freedom (d.f.) for each source of
variation as follows:
Total d.f. = (r)(t) - 1 = (4)(7) - 1 = 27
Treatment d.f. = t - 1 = 7 - 1 = 6
Error d.f. = t(r- 1) = 7(4 - 1)= 21
STEP 4. Using X to represent the measurement of the ith plot, T as the total of the ith
treatment, And n as the total number of experimental plots [i.e., n = (r)(1)], calculate
the correction factor and the various sums of squares (SS) as:
- C.F
STEP 5. Calculate the mean square (MS) for each source of variation by dividing
each SS by its corresponding d.f
STEP 6. Calculate the F value for testing significance of the treatment
difference as:
STEP 7. Obtain the tabular F values from the table, with treatment
d.f. = (t - 1) and error d.f. = t(r - 1). For our example, the tabular F values with
treatment = 6 and error of d.f =21 are 2.57 for the 5% level of significance and 3.81
for the 1% level.
STEP 8. Enter all the values computed in all steps into the analysis of variance
constructed.
Analysis of Variance (CRD with Equal Replication) of Rice Yield Data
STEP 9. Compare the computed F value with the tabular F values, and decide on
the significance of the difference among treatments using the following rules:
a. If the computed F value is larger than the tabular F value at the 1%
level of significance, the treatment difference is said to be highly significant . Such a
result is generally indicated by placing two asterisks on the computed F value.
b. If the computed F value is larger than the tabular F value at the 5% level of
significance but smaller than or equal to the tabular F value at the 1% level of
significance, the treatment difference is said to be significant. Such a result is indicated
by placing one asterisk on the computed F value.
c. If the computed F value is smaller than or equal to the tabular F value
at the 5% level of significance, the treatment difference is said to be non-significant.
Such a result is indicated by placing ns on the computed F value in the analysis of
variance.
WHAT DOES MEAN THIS
STEP 10. Compute the grand mean and the coefficient of variation cv as
follows:
The cv indicates the degree of precision with which the treatments are
compared and is a good index of the reliability of the experiment.
The higher the cv value, the lower is the reliability of the experiment. The cv
value is generally placed below the analysis of variance table.
The cv varies greatly with the type of experiment, the crop grown, and the
character measured. CV below 20 % good and acceptable.
Test-I on 17/05/2011, Friday at 3:30 am
please come with your own calculator
Chapters: 3 and 4