Engineering Materials
1. Metals (Ferrous alloys, Non-ferrous
alloys)
2. Polymer (Natural, Thermoplastics,
Thermosets)
3. Elastomer/Rubber (Natural,
Syntetic)
4. Ceramics (Natural, Constructional,
Electronics, Engineering)
5. Glasses
• Ferrous alloys = cast iron, carbon steels, alloy
steels
• Non-ferrous alloys = light & heavy alloys,
refractory
• Natural = cellulose & protein based
• Thermoplastics = partially crystalline, amorphous
• Thermosets = rubbers/elastomeer, epoxy
• Natural Ceramics = rocks
• Constructional = porcelain, stoneware, earthware
• Electronics = semiconductors, ferrites
• Engineering Ceramics = alumina, carbides,
nitrides, zirconia
• Glasses = soda, borosilicates, pyroceramics
• Composites = natural, fibre, particulate, dispersion
• Cast iron (grey, white, malleable, nodular)
• Carbon steel (low, medium, high)
• Alloys steel (low alloys, tool, stainless)
• Light alloys (zinc, aluminum, magnesium,
titanium)
• Heavy alloys (copper, lead, nickel)
• Refractory metals (tungsten, tantalum,
molybdenum)
• Precious metals (gold, silver, platinum)
• Partially crystalline (polyamides, acetals,
polyathenes)
• Amorphous (PVC, polycarbonates,
polysterenes)
• Epoxy (phenolics, polyesters, aminos)
• Rubbers (natural, nitrile, butyl, styrene,
silicones)
• Composites (natural, fiber, particulate,
dispersion)
Jenis-Jenis Sifat Mekanik Material
[Link] Tarik (Tensile Strength)
1. Kemampuan material menahan gaya tarik.
2. Diuji dengan uji tarik → menghasilkan kurva tegangan-regangan.
3. Parameter penting: yield strength, ultimate tensile strength,
elongation, modulus elastisitas.
[Link] (Hardness)
1. Kemampuan material menahan deformasi plastis lokal
(indentasi/penetrasi).
2. Metode: Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers.
3. Contoh: pin excavator harus keras agar tahan aus.
[Link] (Toughness / Impact Strength)
1. Kemampuan material menyerap energi sebelum patah.
2. Uji: Charpy / Izod Impact Test.
3. Contoh: bucket harus tough agar tidak mudah retak saat
menghantam batu.
[Link] (Fatigue Strength)
1. Ketahanan material terhadap beban berulang (cyclic loading).
2. Sering menyebabkan retak mikro → kegagalan mendadak.
3. Contoh: poros roda mengalami retak fatigue setelah ribuan siklus.
Metals
• High modulli (E)
• Can be made stronger by:
alloying, heat or mechanical
treatment
• Easy to deform, specially in
elevated temperature
• Poor resistance to corrosion
• Good electrical & thermal
conductivity
Polymer & Elastomer
• Low modulli
• Large elastic deflection
• Creep at room temperature
• Resistance to corrosion
Ceramics & Glasses
• High modulli
• Hard
• Brittle
• Strong
• Low density
• Resistance to corrosion &
abrasion
• Low electrical & thermal
conductivity
Composites
• Depends on the type of
composites
• Can be low density
• Can be strong & stiff
• Can be tough
Properties, Symbols &
Unit
• Density : ρ Kg/m3 , g/cm3
• Elastic Modulli : E, G, K Gpa
• Strength : σy, σu, σb MPa
• Fracture toughness : K1C MPa.m0.5
• Hardness : BHN, VHN, dll.
• Thermal conductivity : λ, k W / (m
K)
• Thermal diffusivity : a m2/s
• Specific heat : Cp J /(kg K)
• Meltng point : Tm o
K
• Thermal exp. coeff. : α K-1
Elastic Modulli
• Young Modulus (E) : describes tension or compression
• Shear Modulus (G) : describes shear
• Bulk Modulus (K) : describes treeaxial stress, the
effect of hydrostatic pressure
• Poisson’s Ratio (ν) : negative ratio of the lateral
strain to the axial strain in axial loading
G = 3/8 E
K≈E
ν = 0.25 0.35
K1C = Y σ √π c
Y = geometry factor
E
E G G
2(1 )
Hardness
Methode:
• Vickers
• Rockwell
• Brinell
• dll
Thermal conductivity k = W/(m K)
Is a measure of the rate at which the heat is transfered
through a material
Thermal diffusivity a = m2/s
Is a thermal conductivity devided by the product of
specific heat and density
Specific heat J /(kg K)
Is the energy requires to raise the temperature of one
gram of a material by one degree Celcius
Melting point K o
Is a temperature at which a solid begins to
liquefy
Glass temperature : Tg o
K
A property of non-crystalline solids transition from
true solid to very viscous liquid
Thermal expansion coeficient :α
Expansion of the unit length per degree rise in
temperature
Thermal shock resistance
The maximum temperature difference through which a
material can be quenched suddenly without damage
Creep
Time dependent deformation which occurs when
material are located above 1/3 of Tm or 2/3 of Tg
Comparison of Toughness and Strength
Material Yield Strength K1c
(Mpa) (Mpa m0.5)
Medium Carbon Steel 260 54
Aluminium Alloy 455 24
T2024
Titanium Alloy Ti-6A1- 830 55
4V
Plastic, Polycarbonate 63 3.3
Ceramic, Al2O3 262 4.5
Aplikasi pada Alat Berat
•Pin & Bushing → butuh kekerasan tinggi (anti aus).
•Gear Transmisi → butuh kombinasi kekerasan + toughness.
•Track Link → butuh fatigue strength + impact strength.
•Bucket → butuh ketangguhan tinggi (impact).
•Chassis → butuh kekuatan tarik + toughness.
Kasus 1 – Poros Roda Dump Truck
Poros roda dump truck patah mendadak di lapangan tambang. Hasil uji tarik
menunjukkan kekuatan tarik (tensile strength) lebih rendah dari standar.
Kasus 2 – Pin Bucket Excavator
Pin bucket excavator mengalami keausan cepat dalam waktu 300 jam operasi,
padahal spesifikasi pabrikan 1.000 jam. Uji kekerasan Rockwell menunjukkan nilai
lebih rendah 30% dari standar.
Kasus 3 – Crankshaft Engine Alat Berat
Crankshaft mengalami retak mikro setelah 5.000 jam kerja. Analisis menunjukkan
pola retakan akibat kelelahan material (fatigue failure).
Kasus 4 – Bucket Loader
Bucket loader retak saat menghantam batu besar. Hasil uji impact menunjukkan
ketangguhan (toughness) material rendah, sehingga material tidak mampu
menyerap energi benturan tinggi.