PROGRAMMING WITH

R
R Programming – A
beginning
⚫ R is an open source programming
language and software environment
for statistical computing and
graphics.

⚫ The R language is widely used

among statisticians and data miners
for developing statistical software
and data analytics tools

2
History of R

⚫ R project was created by Robert Gentleman and Ross

Ihaka, Department of Statistics, University of Auckland
(1995).
⚫ Modelled after S & S-plus, developed at AT&T labs in
late 1980s.
⚫ R ranks 11th in the TIOBE index, a measure of
programming language popularity.
History of R
• The official R software environment is a free
software environment within the GNU package, available under
the GNU General Public License.

• It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself (partially self-

hosting).

• Multiple third-party graphical user interfaces are also available,

such as RStudio, an integrated development
environment, and Jupyter, a notebook interface.
STATISTICAL SOFTWARE’S
Why R is different from others?
SPSS SAS
Minitab MATLA
Statisti BR
ca ……………
………… ….
….. Programmi
Non- ng
Progra
mming
DATA SCIENTIST REQUIREMENTS
⚫R Programming

⚫ Python Coding

⚫ Hadoop Platform

⚫ Apache Spark
R VERSIONS
 R-4.1.2 (Bird Hippie)
 Released on 2021-11-01.
 86 megabytes, 32/64 bit

 R-4.0.5 (Shake and throw)

 released on 2021-03-31.

Use Current Version- R- 4.4.2

 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL R

Installing R on windows PC:

 Click on download option (R 4.4.2 for windows).

 Cran.R on Google
 Save this to the folder C:\R on your PC.
 When downloading is complete, close or minimize the Internet
browser.
 Double click on .exe in C:\R to install.

Installing R on Linux:

 sudo apt-get install r-base-core

Download R:
[Link]
INSTALLATION STEPS
INSTALLATION STEPS CONTD….
RStudio is an integrated development
environment (IDE) for R. It includes a
console, syntax-highlighting editor that
supports direct code execution, as well
as tools for plotting, history, debugging
and workspace management.

02-01- 1
2023 2
INSTALLING R STUDIO:

 Go to [Link] and click on the "Download R Studio" button.

 Click on "Download R Studio Desktop.“

 Click on the version recommended for your system, or the latest Windows
version, and save the executable file. Run the .exe file and follow the installation
instructions.

Download RStudio:
[Link]
VERSION

Get R version
R. Version()

Get R Studio version

R Studio: Toolbar at top > Help > About
RStudio
A TEST RUN WITH R IN WINDOWS
Double click the R icon on the Desktop and the R Console will
open. Wait while the program loads. You observe something like
this!!!!!!!

• You can type your own program at the prompt line >.
Overview of RStudio Interface

[Link] Pane:
•Top-left: Where scripts are written and saved.
create a new script (File -> New File -> R Script)
[Link]:
•Bottom-left: Where commands are typed and executed directly.
•type 2 + 2 in the Console and press Enter.
[Link]/History Pane:
•Top-right: Tracks variables, datasets, and command history.
•Example: Assign a variable x <- 5 and see how it appears in the Environment.
[Link]/Files/Help/Packages Pane:
•Bottom-right: View plots, installed packages, files, and access help.
•Example: Create a simple plot: plot(1:10, 1:10) and show it in the Plots tab.
R COMMAND IN INTEGRATED
ENVIRONMENT
GETTING HELP FROM R CONSOLE

🢝
[Link]()
🢝
help(topic)
🢝 ?topic
🢝 ??topic
Running R commands
1) Type directly in the Console:
Example: print("Hello, RStudio!")

2 ) Write and run code in the Source Pane:

x <- 5
y <- 10
sum <- x + y
print(sum)
T HINGS TO
REMEMBER……….
D ATA INP
UT
 R AS A CALCULATOR
> 3+ # Addition
5 #
> 2-1
Subtraction
> 2*3
#
> 4/2
Multiplication
> 2^
# Division
3
Storing of values to # Power
Variables
> x=1
> x<-12
> 12->x
> 14->x
>y=1
> 1=
y
Error in 1 = y : invalid (do set) left-hand side to
assignment
HOW TO USE R FOR SIMPLE MATHS

> 3+5
> 12 + 3 / 4 – 5 +
3*8
> (12 + 3 / 4 – 5) +
Note
3*8
R ignores spaces
> pi * 2^3 – sqrt(4)
>factorial(4)
>log(2,10)
>log(2, base=10)
>log10(2)
>log(2)
HOW TO STORE RESULTS OF
CALCULATIONS FOR FUTURE
USE
> x = 3+5
>x
> y = 12 + 3 / 4 – 5 + 3*8
>y
>z= (12 + 3 / 4 – 5) + 3*8
>z
> A <- 6 + 8 # # no space should be
between < & -
> a # # Note: R is case sensitive
>A
FAMILIARIZE SOME
FUNCTIONS IN R
seq
rep
letters/LETTERS
scan
c
C FUNCTION AND SEQUENCE
FUNCTION
# 1 c function
# # # # c(1,2,4)
x= c(1,2,4)
x
# 2 Sequence function
# # # # seq(from = 1, to
= 10, by =2)
S = seq(from = 1, to =
10, by =2)
s
USING C COMMAND

> data1 = c(3, 6, 9, 12, 78, 34, 5, 7, 7) ##

numerical data
> [Link] = c(‘Mon’, ‘Tue’, “Wed”) # # Text
data
# # Single or double quote
both ok ##copy/paste into R console
may not work
> [Link] = c([Link], ‘Thu’, ‘Fri’)
SCAN COMMAND FOR MAKING
DATA
> data = # # data separated by Space /
scan()
Press # # Press Enter key
1: 4 5 7 8 twice to exit
5: 2 9 4
8: 3
9:
Console
> data
## Read 8 items
[1] 4 5 7 8 2 9
43
SCAN COMMAND FOR MAKING
DATA
> d3 = scan(what =
‘character’)
⚫>
1:
mon ⚫ d3[6]='sat
2:
tue
3: wed
⚫>' d3
thu
5
⚫ [1] "mon" "mon" "wed"
: "thu" NA "sat"
> d3 ⚫
[1] "mon" "tue" "wed" ⚫>
"thu"
> d3[2] ⚫ d3[2]='tue
[1]
"tue"
⚫>' d3[5] =
⚫ 'fri'
> d3[2]='mon'
⚫ > d3
> d3
⚫ [1] "mon" "tue" "wed"
[1] "mon" "mon" "wed"
"thu" "fri" "sat"
"thu"
IDENTIFIERS NAMING
Don't use underscores ( _ ) or hyphens ( - ) in identifiers.

The preferred form for variable names is all lower case letters
and words separated with dots ([Link]) but
variableName is also accepted.

Examples:
[Link]

GOOD avgClicks

OK avg_Clicks

BAD
CONCEPT OF WORKING
DIRECTORY
>getwd()
[1] "C:\Users\DSamanta\R\Database"

> setwd('D:\Data Analytics\Project\

Database)
> dir( # # working directory
) listing

>ls # # Workspace listing of

() objects

>rm(‘obje # # Remove an element “object”,

ct’) if exist
> rm(list = ##
ls()) Cleaning
READING DATA FROM
A DATA FILE
> setwd("D:/arpita/data analytics/my work") #Set the working directory
to file location

> getwd()

[1] "D:/arpita/data analytics/my work“

> dir()

[1] "[Link]" "DiningAtSFO" "TC-10- "[Link]

[Link]" "
"LatentView-DPL" rm(list=ls(all=TRUE)) # Refresh

> data=[Link]('[Link]', header = T, sep=",")

session

(data = [Link](‘[Link]', header = T, sep = ','))

> ls()

[1] "data"

> str(data)

'[Link]': 149 obs. of 5 variables:

$ X5.1 : num 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 5.4 ...

$ X3.5 : num 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.7 ...

$ X1.4 : num 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5
1.5 ...

$ X0.2 : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
0.2 ...

$ [Link]: Factor w/ 3 levels "Iris-setosa",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 ...
ACCESSING ELEMENTS
FROM A FILE
> data$X5.1
[1] 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7
> data$X5.1[7]=5.2
> data$X5.1
[1] 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.2 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7
#Note: This change has happened in workspace only not
in the file.
How to make it
permanent? [Link] /
[Link]
>[Link](data, file =‘iris_mod.csv', [Link] = FALSE,
sep = ',') If [Link] is TRUE, R adds one ID column in
the beginning of file. So its suggested to use [Link] =
FALSE option
>[Link](data, file ==‘iris_mod.csv', [Link] = TRUE)
DIFFERENT DATA ITEMS IN R
Vector

Matrix

Data

Frame List
VECTORS IN R
>x=c(1,2,3,4,56)
>x
> x[2]
> x = c(3, 4, NA, 5)
>mean(x)
[1] NA
>mean(x,
[Link]=T)
[1] 4
> x = c(3, 4, NULL,
5)
>mean(x)
[1] 4
MORE ON VECTORS IN R
>y = c(x,c(-1,5),x)
>length(x)
>length(y)
There are useful methods to create long vectors whose elements are in arithmetic
progression:
> x=1:20
>x

If the common difference is not 1 or -1 then we can use the seq function
> y=seq(2,5,0.3)
>y
[1] 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0
> length(y)
[1] 11
MORE ON VECTORS IN R
> x=1:5
> mean(x) ⚫ It is very easy to
add/subtract/multiply/divid
[1] 3 e two vectors entry by
>x entry.
⚫ > y=c(0,3,4,0)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
⚫ > x+y
> x^2
⚫ [1] 1 5 7 4 5
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 ⚫ > y=c(0,3,4,0,9)
> x+1 ⚫ > x+y
[1] 2 3 4 5 6 ⚫ [1] 1 5 7 4 14
> 2*x
⚫ Warning message:
⚫ In x + y : longer object
[1] 2 4 6 8 10 length is not a
> exp(sqrt(x)) multiple of shorter object
[1] 2.718282 4.113250 5.652234 length
7.389056 ⚫ > x=1:6
9.356469
⚫ > y=c(9,8)
⚫ > x+y
⚫ [1] 10 10 12 12 14 14
MATRICES IN R
Same data type/mode – number , character, logical
[Link] <- matrix(vector, nrow = r, ncol = c, byrow = FALSE, dimnames = list(char-
vector-rownames, char-
vector-col-names))
# # dimnames is optional argument, provides labels for rows & columns.
> y <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 4, ncol = 5)
>A = matrix(c(1,2,3,4),nrow=2,byrow=T)
>A
>A = matrix(c(1,2,3,4),ncol=2)
>B = matrix(2:7,nrow=2)
>C = matrix(5:2,ncol=2)
>mr <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 5, ncol = 4, byrow = T)
>mc <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 5, ncol = 4)
>mr
>mc
MORE ON MATRICES IN R
>dim(B) #Dimensi
>nrow(B) on
>ncol(B)
>A+C
>A-C
>A%*%C #Matrix multiplication. Where will be
>A*C the result? #Entry-wise multiplication
>t(A) #Transpose
>A[1,2]
>A[1,]
>B[1,c(2,
3)]
>B[,-1]
LISTS IN R
Vectors and matrices in R are two ways to work with a collection
of objects.

Lists provide a third method. Unlike a vector or a matrix a

list can hold different kinds of objects.

One entry in a list may be a number, while the next is a

matrix, while a third is
a character string (like "Hello R!").

Statistical functions of R usually return the result in the form of

lists. So we must know how to unpack a list using the $ symbol.
EXAMPLES OF LISTS IN R
>x = list(name="Arun Patel", nationality="Indian",
height=5.5, marks=c(95,45,80))

>names(x)
>x$name

>x$hei #abbreviations are

OK
>x$mar
ks
>x$m[2
]
DATA FRAME IN R
A data frame is more general than a matrix, in that different
columns can have
different modes (numeric, character, factor, etc.).
>d <- c(1,2,3,4)
>e <- c("red", "white", "red", NA)
>f <- c(TRUE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)
>myframe <- [Link](d,e,f)
>names(myframe) <- c("ID","Color","Passed") # Variable names
>myframe
>myframe[1 # Rows 1 , 2, 3 of data
:3,] frame
>myframe[, # Col 1,#Columns
>myframe[c("ID","Color")] 2 of data frame
ID and color from
1:2]
data frame
>myframe$ID # Variable ID in the data frame
FACTORS IN R
In R we can make a variable is nominal by making it a factor.

The factor stores the nominal values as a vector of integers in the

range [ 1... k] (where k is the number of unique values in the
nominal variable).

An internal vector of character strings (the original values) mapped

to these
integers.

# Example: variable gender with 20 "male"

entries and # 30 "female" entries
>gender <- c(rep("male",20), rep("female",
30))
>gender <- factor(gender)
# Stores gender as 20 1’s and 30 2’s
# 1=male, 2=female internally
(alphabetically) # R now treats gender
FUNCTIONS IN R

>g = function(x,y)
(x+2*y)/3
>g(1,2)
>g(2,1)