ELECTRIC VEHICLE
CONTROLLER TECHNOLOGY
roller (Control of Electric Motor Speed and Direction of Rotation
• The controller of an electric vehicle (EV) plays a crucial role in managing
the power flow between the battery pack, the electric motor(s), and
other vehicle systems.
• It also responsible for the speed and direction control of the motor.
• We can say it’s a brain of the electric vehicle which establishes
communication among different equipment of electric vehicle.
SPEED CONTROL OF EV MOTORS
Pulse width modulation (PWM) control
• It’s basically a square wave signal that repeats itself at a certain
frequency.
• To understand it, let say we have a DC voltage source that can supply
either 0 or 100 volts.
• For controlling a motor at varying speeds, we need voltage values
ranging from 0 to 100 volts.
• PWM acts like a switch that takes the DC voltage and applies it to the
motor with a series of on and off pulses at a certain frequency.
• Each PWM cycle is called a period and the percent of the time the PWM
signal is on during a given period gives us the duty cycle.
• For example, if we have a duty cycle of 50%, this means that in each
period half of the time the signal is on and in the other half it’s off.
• When we drive a motor with this, the effective voltage seen by the
motor will be the average of this PWM signal, which is 50 volts.
• We were able to take the DC voltage of 100 volts and pulse it on and
off with a 50% duty cycle to create 50 volts.
• If you keep changing the duty cycle, you can continuously modulate
this signal and create the whole range of different values between 0
and 100 Volts to control your motor at varying speeds.
• longer the duty cycle, the higher the voltage we get.
• PWM control has an averaging effect on the output voltage. To
get this averaging effect right, we should be careful when
selecting the PWM frequency, which is computed by 1/period.
• If the switching frequency is too low, instead of seeing an averaged
voltage, the motor will see a voltage that tries to follow the square wave
shape. This will lead to poor tracking of the reference speed and the
motor will keep speeding up and slowing down.
• When we increase the PWM frequency to a certain
reasonable value, the voltage will be averaged out, which
will improve the speed control performance.
MATLAB SIMULATION
Buck Converter
Subsystem
6 STEP TRAPAZOIDAL
CONTROL
2) FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL (FOC)
CONTD.
DIRECTION CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
DC Motor Controllers
H-Bridge Controllers:-
• Mostly used for direction
control
of DC motors.
• Can also be used for speed
control.
• But mostly are used in pair
with
PWM for speed control.
Working Principle:-
• Consists 4 switches controlled
in pairs (1 & 4, 2 & 3).
• Closing of either of these
pairs, completes
the circuit & powers the motor.
• Helps in changing polarities of
DC motors by
transistors which changes
rotational direction
of motors.
• If all transistors are made
open, Current won’t flow.
WORKING ANIMATION OF
H-BRIDGE
Components Of Controllers
The major components of a motor
controller are :-
• Printed Circuit Board(PCB).
• Rectifiers.
• Transistors.
• Heat sink.
• Inverters.
• Resistors.
• Diode.
INVERTER WORKING PRINCIPLE
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
FULL WAVE
RECTIFIER
BRIDGE
CENTRE TAP
RECTIFIER
CENTRE TAP RECTIFIER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER