GOVERNMENT

ENGINEERING
COLLEGE RAIPUR(C.G.)
Arduino based
inverter

Presented by:
Yash Kumar
Gayakwad
Dolly sahu
Tarni sahu
Dhaneshwari raj
 Abstract
This paper presents an enhanced design of an Active Power Factor
Correction (APFC) circuit integrated within a Switch Mode Power Supply
(SMPS) by employing both Flyback and Boost topologies. The objective is
to address the prevalent issues of power quality, efficiency, and harmonic
distortion in SMPS circuits, which are increasingly critical in modern
electronic applications. By combining the strengths of Flyback and Boost
topologies, the proposed APFC circuit achieves significant improvements in
power factor, reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and enhanced
voltage regulation. Detailed theoretical analysis, simulation, and
experimental validation are conducted to compare the performance of the
improved APFC circuit against conventional methods. The results
demonstrate a marked improvement in power factor close to unity, lower
THD levels, and overall better performance in terms of efficiency and
reliability. This research provides a viable solution for enhancing the power
quality of SMPS circuits, making it highly applicable to a wide range of
electronic devices.
 IND
EX
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE
SURVEY
RESEARCH
GAPS
ABSTRACT
PROPOSED
 Introduction
Why there a need for inverter ?

An inverter is a device which helps in converting the direct current

electricity into alternate current electricity. Inverters are mainly used as a
source of power to run devices when there are power cuts. Most of our home
appliances require only the AC electricity for proper working.
Origin of inverter

David Prince probably coined the term inverter. It is unlikely that

any living person can now , establish with certainty that Prince
(or anyone else) was the originator of this commonly used
engineering term. However, in 1925 Prince did publish an article
in the GE Review titled “The Inverter” Elf. His article contains
nearly all important elements required by modern inverters and
is the earliest such publication to use that term in the open
literature.
 Introduction
(continue…)
Prince explained that an inverter is used to convert direct current into single or polyphase
alternating current. The article explains how “the author [took} the rectifier circuit and inverted it,
turning in direct current at one end and drawing out alternating current at the other.” Use of the
word inverted conveys the idea of turning something upside down. What was turned upside
down? Clearly, he did not mean to invert the rectifier devices or rectifier circuit, their orientation
remains the same. Rather, he meant to invert the function or operation of the rectifier. That is why
he said to draw in direct current and push out alternating current, to emphasize a new mode of
operation.
 Literature survey
[Link]. Title Publication Author (continue…)
Objectives Remarks
and year
1. Load Balancing IEEE, 2020 Tamil Mani S, In order to prevent the phase failure Unbalance of load in
using Load 6th Rohith S, and to protect the load connected to distribution network
Sharing Internation Saranraj S, the phase, the load connected across is the problem that
Technique in al Vigneswaran the three phases will be shared occurs in three
Distribution Syste Conference equally with the help of three phase phase networks. This
m on load balancing technique. unbalance of load
Advanced mostly occurs during
Computing the peak time. To
and prevent the phase
Communic failure and to protect
ation the load connected
Systems to the phase, the
(ICACCS) load connected
across the three
phases will be
shared equally solve
d.
 Literature survey
[Link]. Title Publication Author
(continue…)
Objectives Remarks
and year
1. Study of PWM IEEE, 2018 S. Behera, To maintain the output terminal Using PWM method
techniques for Second M.K. Behera, voltage at a constant level with to control output of
single phase Internation H. minimum harmonics weather it may inverter with the
inverter with al Majhi, F. Akra be in standalone operation or grid constant waveform.
variable DC input Conference m connected.
on
Intelligent
Computing
and Control
Systems
(ICICCS)
 Proposed work
(continue…)

SPWM(sinusoidal pulse
Waveform of the
width modulation)
generated AC output
 Literature survey
(continue…)
[Link]. Title Publication Author Objectives Remarks
and year
1. Design and IEEE, 2016 Jahangeer To offers less switching losses and The different types
analysis of single Internation SoomroTaya generates less EMI. Also, the switching of modulation
phase voltage al b frequency becomes twice and voltage technique of single
source Inverter Conference D MemonM. amplitude is reduced to half in case of phase two-level
using unipolar on [Link] unipolar PWM. inverter were
and bipolar pulse Advances studied. In the
width in unipolar phase shift
modulation Electrical, technique, the
techniques Electronic harmonic is less than
and other pulse
Systems modulation techniqu
Engineerin es.
g (ICAEES)
 Proposed work

Control & Power circuit of inverter

 Literature survey
[Link]. Title Publication Author Objectives Remarks
and year
1. Development of IEEE, 2006 B. Ismail, The development of single phase The single phase
a Single Phase IEEE [Link] MIEEE, sinusoidal pulse width modulation SPWM
SPWM Internation A. R Mohd (SPWM) microcontroller-based microcontroller-
Microcontroller- al Power Saad, M. Isa, inverter with the use of monolithic based 200W inverter
Based Inverter and Energy C. M. Hadzer chip, the AT89C205 1 which is is designed and
Conference powerful microcomputer which tested. It gives a
provides a highly flexible and cost good result for the
effective solution to many embedded solar panel
control application. application. It was
found that the THD
is less than 4 00 for
voltage and 800 for
current which
comply with IEEE
(519-1992) standard.
The system consists of microcontroller circuit for generating By combining a versatile 8 bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic
SPWM pulses, optoisolator or isolation circuit, gate drivers, chip, the AT89C205 1 is powerful microcomputer which
inverter circuit or full bridge circuit, filter circuit and step up provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many
transformer. embedded control applications.
The turn ON and OFF switch 1 (SI) and switch 4 (S4) are controlled by SPWM 1 generated at port 1.7
microcontroller. While the turn ON and OFF switch 2 (S2) and switch 3 (S3) are controlled by SPWM 2
generated at port 1.6 microcontroller. Both SPWM 1 and SPWM 2 used the same control signal generated
by the microcontroller. The different is only SPWM 1 signal is leading SPWM 2 by half cycle or 180 degree
of the switching signal.
 Basically, there are two fundamental categories for gate drivers.
These are high side and low side drivers. High side means the
The maximum applied voltage for single phase inverter source of MOSFET of the power element can float between
is 240V, since the microcontroller operates at 5V level it ground and high voltage power rail. Low side means the source
is desired to isolate the control board from higher of the MOSFET is always connected to ground. For the gate
voltage of the inverter circuit. This can be done by using drivers to operate as a bootstrap circuit, the Vbs voltage is used
SFH618A optocoupler. to provide the supply to the high side driver circuitry of the
gate driver. Vbs is the voltage difference between the Vb and Vs
pins on the gate driver IC.
The power circuit topology chosen is full bridge inverter. Fig. 7 shows the full bridge inverter
topology. It consists of DC voltage source or photovoltaic module, four switching elements
(MOSFETs), LC filter, transformer and load. The full bridge topology is chosen with considerations
that it must be capable of delivering high current at low voltage.
 Research gap

• Grid Integration and Synchronization: The paper briefly touches upon

grid-connected operation but does not provide in-depth information. Future
research could focus on the challenges and solutions for grid integration,
including synchronization with the grid, grid codes compliance, and power
quality issues.

• Fault Tolerance and Reliability: Investigating fault tolerance mechanisms

and improving the reliability of microcontroller-based inverters, especially in
remote and harsh environments, is a valuable research direction.

• Cost-Effective Components: The paper mentions the use of a

microcontroller to simplify the design. Further research could explore cost-
effective component selection and design optimizations for mass adoption,
especially in renewable energy systems like PV.

• Harmonic Filtering: The paper discusses the use of an LCL filter to reduce
harmonics. Research gaps could include investigating different filter designs
and their effectiveness in harmonic reduction, as well as the cost implications
of these filters.
 Proposed work
(continue…)
Modified sine wave
Arduino based inverter

Driver Stage Power Stage Transformer

Feedback loop

Task performed by Driver Stage

• Generation of Modified sine waveform using PWM technique.

• Providing protection for overload and short circuit conditions.
• Feedback loop compensation
 Proposed work
(continue…)
As we know, Arduino works on 5v so the modified sine waveform generated will be of 5v. So we need to
amplify this 5v signal to a 12v level.

For this purpose we will use, L293D IC (Dual channel H bridge IC).

Generation of
simple PWM
Referring to the data sheet of L293D, it is capable of delivering only
1amps and we want 70+ amps. So the current amplification will be
performed in the power stage.
 Proposed work
(continue…)
Task performed by Power Stage

• Current is amplified in this stage from 1amps to 70amps (approx).

• Required 2 n-type mosfet configured in push pull topology (connected with
transformer).
• Voltage will get doubled.

Task performed by Transformer

• Step up Transformer is used.

• Will convert 24v to 220v.

Task performed by Feedback path

• Helps in Load sharing.

• Data is fed to the driver stage.
THAN
YOU
K