SOLUTIONS

The mixture is a combination of

two or more substances

Heterogeneous Mixtur Homogeneous

Mixture es Mixture
 The mixture in which two or
more components are mixed
uniformly is called homogeneous
mixture

Colloidal
True
Suspension Homogeneous
Solutions
(10-7 - 10-4 Mixtures
(10-8 cm)
cm)
 The homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances is called true
solutions.

Solvent Solute
(Present in Components of ( present in
large True solutions small
amount) amount)

The solution containing only one

solvent and one solute is called
binary solution.
 Types of Solutions
State of solute State of Some
solvent Examples

Solid Liquid Sugar/salt in

water,
Sea water
Solid Solid Metal alloys
brass ,
bronze
Solid Gas Iodine in air.
 Types of Solutions
State of solute State of Some
solvent Examples

Gas Liquid CO2 in

water,
O2 in water
Gas Solid H2 gas in
Ni /Pt / Pd
metal
Gas Gas air, mixture
of gases.
 Types of Solutions
State of solute State of Some
solvent Examples

Liquid Liquid Ethanol in

water.
Liquid Solid Amalgams
of Hg with
Zn/Na
metals.
Liquid Gas Chloroform
in Nitrogen.
Capacity of solution to dissolve solute
A dynamic equilibrium between
dissolution and crystallization -:

Dissolution
Solute +
Solution
Solvent Crystallizatio
n

⮚ At this stage the rate of dissolution is

equal to the rate of crystallization.
⮚ At this stage the solution is said to be
saturated solution.
 Types of solutions

Saturated
solution

Solutions Unsaturated
solution

Supersaturat
ed solution
 Unsaturated
solution contains
less amount of
solute than
required for
forming
Saturated saturated
solution contains solution . Supersaturated
maximum solution contains
amount of solute excess of solute
dissolved in a than required for
given amount of formation of
solvent at a saturated
given solution .
temperature.

Solution
s
 Solubility of a solute
* ⮚ So, saturated solution is defined
as the solution that contains just
the right amount of dissolved
solute necessary to attain
equilibrium between dissolved
solute and un-dissolved solute.
⮚ Solubility of a solute in a solution
is the maximum of the solute that
can be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent to form a
saturated solution at constant
temperature.
-1
 Factors affecting Solubility

*
Solubility

Nature
of
Temperatu Pressur
solute
re e
and
solvent
 Nature of solute and solvent

⮚ There is a saying that –” like dissolves

like” means,
⮚ The substances having similar
intermolecular forces are likely to be
soluble in each other.
⮚ Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents.
Eg-: NaCl dissolves in water.
⮚ Nonpolar organic compounds dissolve in
nonpolar solvents. Eg-: Napthalene
dissolves in benzene.
Effect of Temperature on Solubility of
solid solute in liquid solvent

The effect of
temperature on
solubility depends on
the enthalpy of
solution.
If dissolution is
endothermic, then
solubility increases
with increase in
temperature.

Ex-: Dissolution of
KCl . KBr , NaNO3
increase with rise in
temperature.
Effect of Temperature on Solubility of
solid solute in liquid solvent

The effect of
temperature on
solubility depends on
the enthalpy of solution.

If dissolution is
exothermic, then
solubility decreases
with increase in
temperature.

Ex-: Dissolution of
CaCl2 , Na2SO4
decrease with rise in
temperature.
 Effect of Temperature on Solubility
of gaseous solute in liquid solvent
⮚ Solubility of gases in water usually
decreases with increase in temperature.
⮚ In summer marine life like fish prefers
to stay at lower level and stay away
from the upper layer of water.
⮚ Because , the temperature at the
surface of water is more as exposed to
direct sunlight, which decreases the
solubility of O2 gas in it in comparision
to the lower level with more O2 due to
low temperature.
 Effect of Pressure

⮚ Pressure has no effect on the

solubilities of solids and liquids as
they are incompressible.
⮚ But solubility of gases in liquids
increase with increase of external
pressure.
⮚ Henry’s law relates solubility of a
gas with external pressure.
 Henry’s Law
⮚ Statement-:
⮚ It states that the solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly proportional to
the pressure of the gas over the
solution.
⮚ Mathematical Expression-:
⮚ S α P or S = KH P ---------(1)
⮚ Where S is the solubility of the gas in
mol L-1 .
⮚ P is the pressure of the gas in bar.
 Henry’s Law
Constant
⮚ KH = S / P ------------(2)
⮚ KH is the proportionality constant or
Henry’s law constant.
⮚ Unit of KH= mol L-1 bar-1
⮚ When P = 1 bar , KH = S
⮚ Henry’s law constant (KH) is the
solubility of the gas in a liquid when
its pressure over the solution is 1
bar .
 Example of Henry’s Law
More CO2 CO2 dissolved
dissolved due bubbles out
to high as pressure
pressure in decreases
sealed bottle after opening
the bottle
 Exceptions to Henry’s law
⮚ Gases like NH3 and CO2 do not obey
Henry’s law . The reason is that these
gases react with water as given -:
⮚ NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
⮚ CO2 + H2O H2CO3
⮚ Because of these reactions ,NH3 and
CO2 gases have higher solubilities
than expected by Henry’s law.
*
O2 gas has very low solubility in
water as it is non-polar . But its
solubility in blood is very high .
Because of binding of O2 molecule
with haemoglobin present in blood
to form
Oxy-haemoglobin
Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4
 Numericals
⮚ The Henry’s law constant of methyl
bromide (CH3Br) ,is 0.159 mol L-1 bar-1 at
25o C . What is the solubility of methyl
bromide in water at 25o C and at
pressure of 130 mmHg ?
⮚ Solution -:
⮚ Given-: KH = 0.159 mol L-1 bar-1
⮚ P = 130 mmHg = 130 / 760 = 0.171 atm
= 0.171 x 1.013 = 0.173 bar
⮚ Find out -: S =?
⮚ According to Henry’s law
⮚ S = KHP
 • Numericals
• Q) The solubility of N2 gas in water at
25o C and 1 bar pressure is 6.85 x 10-4
mol L-1 . Calculate
• (a) Henry’s law constant
• (b) molarity of N2 gas dissolved in
water under atmospheric conditions
when partial pressure of N2 in
atmosphere is 0.75 bar.
• Solution-:
• Given -: S = 6.85 x 10-4 mol L-1
• P = 0.75 bar.
• Find out-: KH and S
⮚ According to Henry’s law-:
⮚ S = KHP
⮚ KH = S / P = 6.85 x 10-4 mol L-1 / 1 bar
= 6.85 x 10-4 mol L-1 bar-1

⮚ b) S = KHP
= 6.85 x 10-4 mol L-1 x 0.75 bar
= 5.138 x 10-4 mol L-1
 Raoult’s Law

⮚ Statement-:
⮚ It states that the partial vapour
pressure of any volatile
component of a solution is equal
to the vapour pressure of the
pure component multiplied by its
mole fraction in the solution.
⮚ Suppose for a binary solution of two
volatile liquids A1 and A2,
⮚ P1 and P2 are partial vapour pressures of
A1 and A2.
⮚ x1 and x2 are the mole fractions of A1 and
A2.
⮚ According to Raoult’s law-:
P1 = x1 P1o and P2 = x2 P2o

⮚ Where , P1o and P2o are vapour pressures

of pure liquids A1 and A2 .
⮚ According to Dalton’s law of partial
pressures, the total pressure P
above the solution is-:
⮚ P = P1 + P2 -----------(1)
= P1o x1 + P2o x2 ------------(2)
We know ,for a binary solution ,x1 +
x2 = 1 So, x1 = 1-x2 we can write eq-
(2) as
⮚ P = P1o (1-x2) + P2ox2
= P1o - P1ox2 + P2ox2
= P1o + (P2o - P1o) x2 ------------(3)
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
OF
NON-ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS
⮚ Vapour pressure
lowering
⮚ Boiling point elevation
⮚ Freezing point
depression
 Colligative Properties
⮚ The word colligative is derived from
Greek word “Colligatus” means
collected together.
⮚ So colligative properties means
collective properties.
⮚ Definition-:
⮚ The physical properties of solutions
that depend on the number of solute
particles in solution and not on the
nature of the solute particles are
called colligative properties.
 Vapour Pressure lowering
⮚ Vapour Pressure of liquids -:
⮚ When a liquid in a closed container
is in equilibrium with its vapours,
the pressure exerted by the vapours
on the liquid is called its vapour
pressure.
⮚ The liquid – vapour equilibrium of
the liquid in a closed container-:
(evaporation)
⮚ Liquid Vapour
(condensation)
 Vapour Pressure of
liquid
Vapours
of
liquid

Liquid-Vapour
equilibrium

Liquid

Liquid in open Liquid in closed

container container
undergoing undergoing
evaporation only. evaporation and
 Vapour pressure lowering
⮚ Vapour pressure of liquid solvent is
lowered when a non-volatile solute
is dissolved in it.
⮚ The vapour pressure of pure
solvent P1o is always greater than
that of the solution [Link], P1 <
P1o.
⮚ The vapour pressure lowering is-:
⮚ ΔP = P1o – P1 ------------(1)
 Vapour pressures of pure solvent and
its solution with non-volatile solute

P1 Solvent
P 1o molecul
e
Solute
molecul
e

Evaporation of Evaporation of
solvent from its solvent from
 Raoult’s law for solutions of non-volatile
solutes

⮚ For a solution of non-volatile solutes ,

Raoult’s law is applicable only to the
volatile solvent.
⮚ The law states that the vapour pressure of
solvent over the solution is equal to the
vapour pressure of pure solvent multiplied
by its mole fraction in the solution.

⮚ Thus , P1 = P1o x1 ----------(1)

• For a binary solution containing one
solute,
• x1 = 1-x2 ,
• So, P1 = P1o x1 = P1o ( 1 – x2) => P1 = P1o –
P1o x2
• P1o – P1 = P1o x2 ------(2)
• We know that, lowering of vapour
pressure
• ΔP = P1o – P1
• Hence, ΔP = P1o x2 ---------(2)
• From eq-(2) it is clear that,
• ΔP depends on x2 ,the mole fraction of
Variation of vapour pressure of solution with
mole fraction of solvent in solution
y

p
Δp
Vapour Pressure of

p
solvent

X=0 X=
Mole fraction of solvent
1
Relative lowering of Vapour pressure
2) Relative lowering of vapour pressure-:
⮚ The ratio of vapour pressure lowering of
solvent to the vapour pressure of pure
solvent is called relative lowering of
vapour pressure.

⮚ ΔP = P1o – P1 -----------(1)
P1o P1o

⮚ ΔP = P1o – P1 = x2 ------------(2)
P1o P1o
[Link] the relationship between Relative
lowering of vapour pressure and Molar
mass of solute.(2)
⮚ We learnt that the relative lowering
of vapour pressure is equal to the
mole fraction x2 of solute in the
solution as given in eq-(3)
⮚ ΔP = P1o – P1 = x2 ------------(1)
P1o P1o
⮚ We know that molenfraction
Where isthe
1 and n2 are given
by-: number of moles of solvent
and solute respectively in the
x2 = n2 solution.
n1 + n 2
⮚ For dilute solutions n1 >> n2 and n1 + n2 ≈ n1.
The mole fraction x2 is then given by-:
x2 = n2 / n1 and
⮚ ΔP = x2 = n2 / n1 ----------(2)
P1o
⮚ Suppose that we prepare a solution by
dissolving W2 g of a solute in W1 g of
solvent. The moles of solute and solvent in
the solution are given by -:
n2 = W2 / M2 and n1 = W1 / M1 -------(3)
Where M1 and M2 are molar masses of solvent
and solute respectively.
⮚ Putting the value of n1 and n2 in eq(2)
from eq(3) -:
⮚ x2 = ΔP = W2 / M2 ----------(4)
P1o W1 / M1
⮚ P1o – P1 =ΔP = W2 / M2 ------------(5)
P1o P1o W1 / M1

⮚ P1o – P1 = W2M1 ------------(6)

P1o M2W1

⮚ Knowing all other quantities , molar mass

of solute M2 can be calculated.
 Numericals
⮚ Q) A solution is prepared by dissolving
394 g of a non volatile solute in 622 g of
[Link] vapour pressure of solution is
found to be 30.74 mm Hg at [Link]
vapour pressure of water at 30o C is
31.8 mm Hg .what is the molar mass of
solute?
⮚ Solution-:
⮚ Given-: W2 = 394 g ,W1 = 622 g , M1 = 18
g mol-1 , P1 = 30.74 mm Hg ,P1o = 31.8
mm Hg.
⮚ Find out -: Molar mass of solute(M2).
⮚ Formula to be used-:
⮚ P1o – P1 = W2M1
P1o M2W1
• Putting the values of the quantities
we get-:
• 31.8 – 30.74 = 394 x 18
• 31.8 M2 x 622
• 0.0333 = 11.4 / M2
• M2 = 11.4 / 0.0333 = 342 g mol-1
Hence,molar mass of the solute is 342
g mol-1
 HOME WORK

Q) The vapour pressure of pure

benzene ( molar mass 78 g / mol )
at a certain temperature is 640 mm
Hg .A nonvolatile solute of mass
2.315 g is added to 49 g of
benzene. The vapour pressure of
the solution is 600 mm Hg . What is
the molar mass of the solute?
 Boiling Point Elevation
⮚ Definition of Boiling Point-:
⮚ Boiling point of liquid is the
temperature at which the vapour
pressure of the liquid is equal to
the atmospheric pressure .
⮚ Ex-: Boiling point of water is 100o
C.
 Elevation of Boiling point
⮚ Boiling point of a solvent is elevated
by dissolving a non-volatile solute into
it.

⮚ The solution containing non-volatile

solutes boil at temperature higher
than that of pure solvent.

⮚ If Tbo is the boiling point of a pure

solvent and Tb is the boiling point of
solution, then,
Elevation of Boiling point

⮚ Tb > Tbo

⮚ ΔTb = Tb – Tbo --------- (1)

⮚ The difference between the boiling

point of solution and that of pure
solvent at any given constant
pressure is called the boiling point
elevation.
 Vapour pressure – temperature of
pure solvent and solution
y

B D
760
mm
Vapour Pressure

Solvent
A
Solution
C
x
Temperature Tb
From graph it is
Tbo clear that Tb >
Tbo
 Boiling point elevation and
concentration of solute
⮚ The boiling point elevation is directly
proportional to the molality of the
solution.
⮚ Thus , ΔTb α m
⮚ or ΔTb = Kb m ---------(1)
⮚ Where m is the molality of solution.
⮚ Kb is the proportionality constant
called as boiling point elevation
constant or ebullioscopic constant.
⮚ If m = 1 , ΔTb = Kb
 Boiling point elevation constant
( Ebullioscopic constant)
⮚ Ebullioscopic constant is the boiling
point elevation produced by 1 molal
solution, (when I mole of solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent).

⮚ Kb = ΔTb / m

⮚ Unit of Kb = K kg mol-1
 Relation between Molar mass of
solute and boiling point elevation
• We know that-:
• ΔTb = Kb m ----------(1)
• Where m (molality) = moles of solute
• Mass of solvent
in kg
When W2 g of solute in W1 g of solvent.
Moles of solute = W2 / M2
Mass of solvent = W1 g = W1 / 1000 kg
m = W2 / M2 mol = 1000 W2 mol kg-1
W1 / 1000 kg M2W1
• Substituting the value of m in eq-(1)
• ΔTb = Kb 1000 W2 --------------(2)
M2 W 1
• Hence , M2 = 1000 Kb W2
-----------(3)
ΔTbW1
• Equation –(3) gives the relation
between boiling point elevation ΔTb
and molar mass of solute M2.
 Numericals
• Q) The normal boiling point of ethyl
acetate is 77.06o C . A solution of 50 g
of a nonvolatile solute in 150 g of ethyl
acetate boils at 84.27o C . Evaluate the
molar mass of solute if Kb for ethyl
acetate is 2.77o K kg mol-1.
• Solution-:
• Given-: W2 = 50 g ,W1 = 150 g
• Kb = 2.77oC kg mol-1 = 2.277 K kg mol-1
• Tb = 84.27o C, Tbo = 77.06o C.
• ΔTb = Tb – Tbo
• = 84.27 – 77.06 = 7.21o C = 7.21 K
⮚ Find out -: Molar mass (M2) of solute
=?
⮚ Formula -:
⮚ M2 = 1000 KbW2
ΔTb W1
⮚ Substituting the values in it-:
M2 = 1000 x 2.77 x 50
7.21 x 150
M2 = 128 g mol-1

⮚ Molar mass of solute is 128 g mol-1.

 Home work

• Q ) 3.795 g of sulphur is
dissolved in 100 g of carbon
disulphide . This solution boils at
319.81 K. What is the molecular
formula of sulphur in solution?
The boiling point of the solvent
is 319.45 K.
• (Kb for CS2 = 2.42 K kg mol-1 and
atomic mass of S = 32)
 Depression in freezing point
⮚ Freezing Point of Liquid -:
⮚ Definition-:
⮚ Freezing point of a liquid is the
temperature at which liquid and solid
are in equilibrium and the two phases
have the same vapour pressure.
⮚ Ex -: Freezing point of water is 0oC.
 Depression in freezing point
⮚ Freezing point of a solution containing
a non volatile solute is lower than that
of the pure solvent.
⮚ If Tfo is the freezing point of pure
solvent and Tf that of a solution having
non volatile solute dissolved in it, then,
⮚ Tfo > Tf
⮚ The difference between the freezing
point of pure solvent and that of the
solution is called depression in freezing
point.
⮚ ΔTf = Tfo - Tf --------- (1)
 Vapour pressure – temperature of
pure solvent, solid solvent and solution

y
D
F
Liquid solvent

B
C
Solid solvent
Vapour Pressure

Solution
E
From graph it is
clear that Tfo >

A Tf

x
TemperatureTf Tf
o
Freezing point depression and
concentration of solute
⮚ The freezing point depression is
directly proportional to the molality
of the solution.
⮚ Thus , ΔTf α m
⮚ or ΔTf = Kf m ---------(1)
⮚ Where m is the molality of solution.
⮚ Kf is the proportionality constant
called as freezing point depression
constant or cryoscopic constant.
⮚ If m = 1 , ΔT f = Kf
Freezing point depression constant
( Cryoscopic constant)
⮚ Cryoscopic constant is the freezing
point depression produced by 1 molal
solution, (when I mole of solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent).

⮚ Kf = ΔTf / m

⮚ Unit of Kf = K kg mol-1
Relation between Molar mass of
solute and freezing point
depression
• We know that-:
• ΔTf = Kf m ----------(1)
• Where m (molality) = moles of solute
• Mass of solvent
in kg
When W2 g of solute in W1 g of solvent.
Moles of solute = W2 / M2
Mass of solvent = W1 g = W1 / 1000 kg
m = W2 / M2 mol = 1000 W2 mol kg-1
W1 / 1000 kg M2W1
• Substituting the value of m in eq-(1)
• ΔTf = Kf 1000 W2 --------------(2)
M2 W 1
• Hence , M2 = 1000Kf W2 -----------
(3)
ΔTfW1
• Equation –(3) gives the relation
between freezing point depression
ΔTf and molar mass of solute M2.
 Numericals
• Q) 1.02 g of urea when dissolved in 98.5 g
of certain solvent decreases its freezing
point by 0.211 K . 1.609 g of unknown
compound when dissolved in 86 g of the
same solvent depresses the freezing
point by 0.34 K .Calculate the molar mass
of the unknown compound. (molar mass
of urea = 60 g /mol)
• Solution-:
• Given-:
• Urea Unknown
compound
• W2 = 1.02 g W2’ = 1.609 g
• Urea Unknown
compound
• W1 = 98.5 g W1’ = 86 g
• ΔTf = 0.211K ΔTf’ = 0.34 K
• M2 = 60 g / mol M 2 ’= ?
• Formula –
• :ΔTf = Kf 1000 W2
M2 W 1
1000 Kf = M2 x W1 x ΔTf
W2
As the solvent is same Kf value is
also same.
So ,1000 Kf = M2’ x W1’ x ΔTf’
W2’
60 x 0.211 x 98.5 = M2’ x 0.34 x 86
1.02 1.609
1222.55 = 18.173 x M2’
M2’ = 1222.55
18.173
M2’ = 67.3 g / mol .
Hence ,molar mass of unknown
compound is 67.3 g / mol.
Examples of
osmosis in
our daily life
 Plants absorb
water by roots
due to osmosis.
The water content of bacteria comes out
due to presence of high concentrated
sugar solution and they die .

JAM AND JELLY

Fingers get wrinkled when exposed to water
for long time due to absorption of water by
osmosis.
Snails and slugs die after putting salts
on them due to osmosis.
In pickling of raw mango, the bacteria die
by loosing water from them in presence of
high concentration of salt .
The limp carrot when soaked in water
becomes firm due to osmosis.

After
osmosis

Limp carrot Firm carrot

Dry raisins / dry fruits swell up when
soaked in water due to osmosis.

After
Soaked in
water
Osmosis
The dehydrated plant becomes hydrated
after watering the plant due to osmosis.

After
Osmosis

Dehydrated Hydrated plant

Cell absorbs water, nutrients and minerals
through cell membrane by osmosis.
 Osmosis

❖Definition-:

❖ The net spontaneous flow of

solvent molecules into the
solution or from solution of lower
concentration to the solution of
higher concentration through a
semipermeable membrane is
called osmosis.
Osmosis
⮚ Semipermeable membrane -:

⮚ It is a film such as cellophane which

has pores large enough to allow only
the solvent molecules and does not
allow the large solute molecules to
pass through them.

⮚ Ex-: Cellulose , cellulose

nitrate ,animal bladder etc.
Semipermiable Membrane
Flow of
solvent
 Osmotic pressure

❖Definition-:
❖The excess pressure on the side
of solution that stops the net
flow of solvent into the solution
through the semipermeable
membrane is called osmotic
pressure.
❖It is represented by π.
Osmotic pressure
Types of solutions on the basis of osmotic
pressure

Isotonic
solution

Solutions Hypertonic
solution

Hypotonic
solution
 ❖Isotonic solution-:

Two or more solutions exerting

same osmotic pressure are called
as isotonic solution.
Ex-: 0.05 M sugar solution and
0.05 M urea solution exert same
osmotic pressure and hence
called isotonic solution.
❖Hypertonic solution-:
If two solutions have unequal
osmotic pressures, the more
concentrated solution with
higher osmotic pressure is said
to be Hypertonic solution,
Ex-: 0.1 M sugar solution has
higher osmotic pressure than
that of 0.05M urea solution .
Hence 0.1M sugar solution is
called hypertonic solution to
0.05 M urea solution.
 ❖Hypotonic solution-:

If two solutions have unequal

osmotic pressures, the more dilute
solution exerting lower osmotic
pressure is said to be hypotonic
solution.
Ex-: 0.05 M sugar solution has lower
osmotic pressure than that of 0.1 M
urea solution . Hence 0.05 M sugar
solution is called hypotonic solution
with 0.1 M urea solution.
Osmotic pressure and concentration of
solution

• For very dilute solutions , the osmotic

pressure follows the equation,
• π = n2 R T ----------(1)
• V
• Where V is the volume of a solution in
dm3 containing n2 moles of nonvolatile
solute.
• R = is the general solution constant =
0.08206 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1.
• π = osmotic pressure in atm.
 We know that ,
❖Molarity (M) = no of moles of solute
volume of solution in
litre
(M) = n2 / V.
Putting this value in eq-(1)

❖ π = MRT ……..…..(2)

It is clear from eqn-2 that osmotic pressure is a

colligative property.
Molar mass of solute from osmotic
pressure
• We know that, osmotic pressure ,
• π = n2 R T ----------(1)
V
If W2 g of solute is dissolved in V litres of
solution and its molar mass of solute is M2
then, n2 = W2 / M 2
Putting the value of n2 in eq-(1) we get-:
π = W2 R T or M2 = W2 RT
--------(2)
M2 V πV
Osmotic Applied
pressure
> Osmotic Pressure
pressure
 Water
molecule
s
 Numericals
• Q. What is the molar mass of a solute if a
solution prepared by dissolving 0.822 g
of it in 300 mL of water has an osmotic
pressure of 149 mm Hg at 298 K?
• Solution-:
• Given -: W2 = 0.822 g
• R = 0.08205 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1 ,T = 298 K
• π = 149 mmHg = 149/760 = 0.196 atm
• V = 300 mL = 0.3 dm3 or L.
• Find out -: Molar mass of solute (M2) = ?
⮚ Formula -:
⮚ π = W2 R T or M2 = W2 RT
--------(1)
M2 V πV

⮚ Putting the values in eq(1) -:

⮚ M2 = 0.822 x 0.08205 x 298
0.196 x 0.3
⮚ M2 = 342 g/mol
⮚ Molar mass of the solute M2 is
342 g/mol
 Colligative properties of
electrolytes
⮚ The solutions of electrolytes also
exhibit colligative properties which do
not obey the relations of
nonelectrolytes .
⮚ The colligative properties of the
solutions of electrolytes are greater
than those of solutions of
nonelectrolytes of same concentration.
⮚ The molar masses of electrolyte solutes
in aqueous solutions determined by
colligative properties are found to be
lower than the actual formula masses.
 Colligative properties of electrolytes

Colligative Colligative
Properties of
Electrolyte
solutions
>Properties of
Non electrolyte
solutions

Number of solute
Number of solute
particles in solution
particles in solution
is less than
is more due to
electrolytes as they
formation of two or
don’t dissociate
more ions .
into ions.
 Colligative properties of
electrolytes
⮚ Example-:NaCl is dissolved in water.
⮚ NaCl(s) + H2O(l) 🡪 Na+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
⮚ NaCl (electrolyte) dissociates to
produce two ions in water . Hence
number of solute particles is two.
⮚ Where as sucrose (non-electrolyte)
does not dissociate in water. Hence
the number of solute particles is one.
⮚ So colligative property of 0.1 M NaCl
is twice that of 0.1 M Sucrose
solution.
 Van’t Hoff factor (i)
❖Definition-:
❖It is defined as the ratio of
colligative property of a
solution of electrolyte
divided by the colligative
property of nonelectrolyte
solution of the same
concentration .
 Van’t Hoff factor (i)

❖ i = colligative property of
electrolyte
colligative property of
nonelectrolyte
solution of the same
concentration

❖ i = (ΔTf ) = (ΔTf ) = (ΔP) = (π)

---(1)
(ΔTf )o (ΔTf )o (ΔP)o (π)o
 Van’t Hoff factor (i)

i = actual moles of particles in

solution after dissociation
moles of formula units dissolved in
solution

i = formula mass of substance

observed molar mass of substance

i = M theoritical -------------(2)
M observed
 Modification of expressions of
colligative properties
• 1) ΔP = i P1o x2 = i W2M1
M 2W 1

• 2) ΔTb = i Kb m = i 1000 Kb W2
M 2W 1
• 3) ΔTf = i Kf m = i 1000 Kf W2
M 2W 1
• 4) π = i MRT = i W2RT
M2 V
Relation between Van’t Hoff factor
and degree of dissociation
⮚ Consider an electrolyte AxBy that
dissociates in aqueous solution as -:
⮚ Ax By x Ay+ + y Bx- -----------
(1)
No of moles Ax By x Ay+ y Bx-

Initially 1 mol 0 0

At 1–α)
( xα yα
Equilibriu moles moles moles
m
⮚ Total moles after dissociation
= (1 – α ) + (x α) +( y α)
= 1 +α ( x + y -1 )
= 1 +α (n-1) ---------(2)
⮚ Where n = x + y
= moles of ions
obtained from dissociation of 1
mole of electrolyte.
⮚ The Van’t Hoff factor is giveb by-;
⮚i= actual moles of particles in
solution after dissociation
moles of formula units dissolved in
solution
⮚ i = 1 +α (n-1)
1
i = 1 +α (n-1)
i – 1 = α(n-1)

⮚ α= i–1 ---------(1)
n–1
 Numaricals
Q . 0.2 m aqueous solution of KCl freezes
at
– 0.680 oC .Calculate Van’t Hoff factor and
osmotic pressure of solution at 0o C .( Kf =
1.86 K kg mol-1).
Solution-:
Given-:
Freezing point of solution Tf = -0.680 oC
Freezing point of solvent (water) Tf o= 0 oC
So ΔTf = Tf o
– Tf = 0 –(-0.680) = + 0.680oC
ΔTf = 0.680 K , m = 0.2 mol kg-1
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1.
 Numaricals
• Find out -:
• Van’t Hoff factor i = ?
• Osmotic pressure of solution π = ?
• Formula-:
• 1) (ΔTf)o = Kf x m = 1.86 x 0.2 = 0.372
K

• 2) i = (ΔTf) = 0.680 = 1.83

(ΔTf)o 0.372
So, Van’t Hoff factor i = 1.83.
 Numericals
3) (π)o = MRT = n2 RT
V
= 0.2 x 0.08205 x 273
= 4.48 atm
4) i = (π)
(π)o .
1.83 = (π)
4.48
So , π = 1.83 x 4.48 = 8.2 atm
Osmotic pressure of solution = 8.2 atm
 Numericals
• Q . 0.01 m aqueous formic acid solution
freezes at – 0.021 oC .Calculate its degree
of dissociation . Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1.
• Solution -:
• Given -:
Freezing point of solution Tf = -0.021 oC
Freezing point of solvent (water) Tf o= 0 oC
So ΔTf = Tf o
– Tf = 0 –(-0.021) = + 0.021oC
m = 0.01 mol / kg
Find out -: Degree of dissociation α = ?
 Numericals
• Formula -:
• ΔTf = i Kf x m
•0.021 = i x 1.86 x 0.01
•i = 0.021 = 1.13
• 1.86 x 0.01
•α = i-1 = i-1 because n=2
• n-1
•Hence , α = 1.13 – 1 = 0.13 = 13%
Hence degree of dissociation (α) is 13
%.
 Numericals
• Q. 3.4 g of CaCl2 is dissolved in 2.5 L
of water at 300 K. What is the
osmotic pressure of the solution ?
Van’t Hoff factor for CaCl2 is 2.47.
• Solution-:
• Given -:
• i = 2.47 , W2 = 3.4 g , R = 0.08206
• T = 300 K , M2 = 40 + 71 = 111 g , V =
2.5 dm3
• Find out -:
• Osmotic pressure π = ?
 Numericals

• Formula -:
• Π = i M R T = i W2RT
• M2 V
• Π = 2.47 x 3.4 x 0.08206 x 300
111 x 2.5
Π = 0.745 atm
Hence, osmotic pressure of solution
Π is 0.745 atm.
 Numericals

• Q . Which of the following

solutions will have maximum
boiling point elevation and which
have minimum freezing point
depression assuming the
complete dissociation ?
• A) 0.1 m KCl B) 0.05 m NaCl
• C) 1 m AlPO4 D) 0.1 m MgSO4
❖Boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression are
colligative properties that depend
on the number of solute particles
present in the solution.
❖The solution having more number
of solute particles will have large
boiling point elevation.
❖The solution having less number
of solute particles will show
minium freezing point depression.
❖ The solute dissociates into the respective
ions in aqueous solutions -:
1) KCl 🡪 K+ + Cl – Total particles in solution
0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 + 0.1=
0.2m
2) NaCl 🡪 Na+ + Cl –
0.05m 0.05m 0.05m 0.05 + 0.05 =
0.1m
3) AlPO4 🡪 Al+3 + PO43-
1m 1m 1m 1+1=
2m
4) MgSO4 🡪 Mg+2 + SO42-
0.1m 0.1m 0.1m 0.1 + 0.1 =
0.2m
❖As AlPO4 solution contains
highest moles and hence highest
number of solute particles hence,
show maximum elevation og
boiling point. (ΔTb)

❖As NaCl solution has minimum

moles and minimum number of
particles hence, show minimum
depression in freezing point. (ΔTf)
 Home work

❖Arrange the following solutions

in order of increasing osmotic
pressure. Assume complete
ionization.
❖A) 0.5 m Li2SO4 B) 0.5 m KCl
❖C) 0.5 m Al2(SO4)3 D) 0.1 m BaCl2
THE END!!!
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