BAMEE205
Engineering Innovation & Modelling
Basic Mechanical Components
Module #1
Module - 1
• Drawing - Introduction
• Threaded Fasteners
• Joints
• Shafts
• Machine Keys
• Springs
• Bearings
• Gears
• Cams
Applications of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawings are essential across all
manufacturing processes to ensure components are
produced within specified dimensions and tolerances.
From small scale to larger scale products
[Link] [Link]
Engineering Drawing - Representations
Drawing Sheet - Layout
Drawing Sheet - Sizes
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Applications of CAD
Drafting Modelling & Assembly Simulation
Optimization CAM 3D Printing
Types of
Drawing
lines
Types of
Lines
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Elements of Dimensioning
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
System of Dimensioning - Aligned
System of Dimensioning - Unidirectional
Projection of projection
Orthographic an Object
“Object is in between
observer and the plane
of projection”
When the projectors are parallel to each other and also perpendicular to the
plane, the projection is called “orthographic projection”.
Angle of projection
PROJECTION SYSTEMS
Angle of projection
Orthographic projection – Diff. views
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Machine elements
Fasteners
A machine element used for holding or joining two or
more parts of a machine or structure is known as a
fastener.
The process of joining the parts is called fastening.
Types
Permanent Removable
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE
Axis—the longitudinal center line that passes through the
screw thread cylinder.
Chamfer—the angular relief at the last thread; allows easier
engagement with the mating part.
Crest—the peak or top surface of a screw thread.
Depth (Height) —the distance between the crest and the
root of a thread, measured normal to the axis.
Die—a tool used to form external threads.
External thread—the screw thread on the outside of a
cylindrical or conical surface.
Internal thread—the screw thread on the inside of a
cylindrical or conical surface.
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE
Lead—the distance a screw will travel when turned 360
degrees, or one revolution.
Major diameter—the largest diameter on an internal or
external thread.
Minor diameter—the smallest diameter on an internal or
external thread.
Pitch—the distance between corresponding points on
adjacent thread forms, measured parallel to the axis. (The
pitch is equal to the number 1 divided by the number of threads per inch.
For example, a screw thread with 12 threads per inch would have a
pitch of 1⁄12 inch.)
Pitch diameter—the diameter of an imaginary cylinder that is
located equidistant between the major and minor diameters.
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE
Root—the bottom of a screw thread cut into a cylinder.
Screw thread—a continuous and projecting helical ridge on a
cylindrical or conical surface.
Side—the screw thread surface that connects the crest and root.
Tap—a tool used to make threads in holes.
Tap drill—a drill bit used to make a hole in metal before tapping an
internal thread.
Thread angle—the angle between the surfaces of two adjacent
threads.
Thread form—the profile or shape of a thread cut into a cylinder.
Thread series—the number of threads per inch for a given diameter.
Threads per inch—the number of threads in one inch, measured
axially (parallel to the axis); the reciprocal of the pitch.
Thread Specifications
To specify a thread, you must provide the
below information:
1. Thread form
2. Thread series
3. Major diameter (Thread Designation)
4. Class of fit
5. Single and Multi start threads
6. Threads per inch (English system)
THREAD FORM
Thread form is the
shape or profile of
a screw thread.
Metric Thread
(ISO Standard)
THREAD FORM
Other Thread forms
THREAD SERIES
BIS recommends two thread series: coarse series and fine
series, based on the relative values of the pitches.
However, it must be noted that the concept of quality is not
associated with these terms. For any particular diameter, there
is only one largest pitch, called the coarse pitch and the rest are
designated as fine pitches.
THREAD DESIGNATION
The diameter-pitch combination of an ISO metric screw thread is
designated by the letter ‘M’ followed by the value of the nominal
diameter and pitch, the two values being separated by the sign ‘×’.
For example, a diameter pitch combination of nominal diameter 10 mm and
pitch 1.25 mm is designated as M10 × 1.25. If there is no indication of pitch in
the designation, it shall mean the coarse pitch.
For example, M 10 means that the nominal diameter of the thread is 10 mm
and pitch is 1.5 mm.
Following are the other designations, depending on the shape of the thread
profile :
SQ 40 × 10 – SQUARE thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 10 mm
ACME 40 × 8 – ACME thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 8 mm
WORM 40 × 10 – WORM thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 10 mm
SINGLE AND MULTI START THREAD
A single-start thread consists of a single, continuous helical groove
for which the lead is equal to the pitch. As the depth of the thread
depends on the pitch, greater the lead desired, greater will be the pitch
and hence smaller will be the core diameter, reducing the strength of
the fastener. To overcome this drawback, multi-start threads are
recommended.
In multi-start threads, lead may be increased by increasing the
number of starts, without increasing the pitch. For a double start
thread, lead is equal to twice the pitch and for a triple start thread, lead
is equal to thrice the pitch.
In double start threads, two threads are cut separately, starting at
points, diametrically opposite to each other.
In triple start threads, the starting points are 120° apart on the
circumference of the screws.
Multi-start threads are also used wherever quick action is desired, as in
fountain pens, automobile starters, arbor press spindles, hydraulic
valve spindles, etc.
RIGHT HAND AND LEFT HAND THREAD
Screw threads may be right hand or left hand, depending on the
direction of the helix.
A right hand thread is one which advances into the nut, when
turned in a clockwise direction and
a left hand thread is one which advances into the nut when
turned in a counter clockwise direction.
An abbreviation LH is used to indicate a left hand thread.
Unless otherwise stated, a thread should be considered as a
right hand one.
Representation
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION – V THREAD
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION – SQUARE THREAD
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL THREADS IN
ENGAGEMENT
Schematic Conventional Representation
Representation
Joints, Keys & Shafts
Joints are used to transmit loads
Not in power transmission
Knuckle Joint
Cotter Joint
Shafts are used for load and power transmission
Machine shafts, Counter shaft, Line shafts
Machine keys are used to assemble elements on
shafts
Knuckle Joint
Cotter Joint
Assembly of Cotter Joint
Assembly of Knuckle Joint
Machine keys
Image courtesy: The Engineering [Link]
Machine keys
Machine keys - types
Machine keys & pins
Square key Round key
Regular pin Taper pin
Gib-head key
Key seat
Shafts
Identify different shafts
Material: MS (alloyed with nickel, chromium)
Std size
Design criteria
Loads on shafts
Difference b/w axles and shafts
Solid and hollow shafts
Springs
• Extension
• Compression
• Torsion
• spiral springs
• Leaf type
• Volute springs
Helical Springs - Specifications
• Helical springs:
– Subjected to torsional shear stress
– Spring Index (C) = D/d; 3 < C < 12
– D – Mean coil diameter
– d – wire diameter
– Subjected to direct shear and curvature effect
Helical Springs - Length
Image courtesy: “Springs” by O.M.E.S. Khayal, (2017)
Bearings
• Types: Rolling contact bearings, Journal bearings
• Rolling contact bearings:
– Less friction coefficient
– Radial loads
– Thrust loads
– Speed
– Desired life
• Journal bearings:
– Heat generation
– Temperature rise
– Selection of SAE lubricant
Rolling Contact Bearings
Deep groove BB Angular BB
Self-aligning BB
Cylindrical roller Taper roller Needle
Spherical roller
Bearing Bearing Bearing
Bearing
Journal Bearings
Gears - Nomenclature
Gears - Nomenclature
• Pinion – Smaller gear
• Gear – Larger gear
• Pitch circle : Imaginary circle which rolls without slip
• Circular pitch (tooth thickness + width of space)
• Module : index of tooth size = D/z
• Diametral pitch
• Addendum
• Dedendum
• Depth (Add + Ded)
• Clearance circle: tangent to the addendum of mating gear
• Clearance: how much the dedendum exceeds