INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of deformable bodies is a branch of mechanics that analyze
the effects of external forces when subjected to a solid body.
A body also experience stress, an analysis of strength where the
material was made and strain, a measure of deformation, when
subjected to external loading.
A short review of the Method of Statics
External Loads
A body is said to be subjected only to two types of external forces; namely,
surface forces and body forces.
Body Forces
Surface forces When one body exerts a
force on another body
are direct forces
without direct physical
distributed over the contact between the
contact area between bodies, a body force is
bodies. developed.
Support Reactions
Equations of Equilibrium
Analysis of Internal Forces
Normal force, N. Shear force, V. Torsional Bending
force lies in the moment or moment, M.
This force acts plane of the area, torque, T. The bending
perpendicular or the analyzed developed moment is
to the area. It cross-section and when the caused by the
tends to push it is developed external external loads
or pull the body when the external loads tend to that tend to
loads causes twist the
bend the body
sliding to the two body.
segments. about an axis.
Steps in Analysis of Internal Loadings
1. Supports.
2. Free-Body Diagram.
3. Equations of Equilibrium.
Note: If it yields a negative value, the directional sense of the resultant is opposite to
what you have assumed in the free-body diagram.
Stress is the unit strength of the materials.
𝑷 σ=stress
𝜎= P=force
𝑨
A=area
Steps in Analysis of Internal Loadings
1. Internal Forces.
2. Cross Sectional Area.
3. Stress.
Normal Stress or Axial Stresses
Source: Mechanics of Materials for Dummies
Example 1:
A 100 mm diameter round bar is subjected to an axial tension of 30 kN as
shown in the figure. Find the normal stress caused by the applied force.
Location 1
Diameter
100mm
3. Stress. You can identify the stress by
simply looking at the F.B.D and the figure
30kN 30kN F INT 30kN
shows that the force acts longitudinally, thus,
(a) Real System b) [Link] 1
it is an axial stress or normal stress.
1. Internal Forces. Cut the section at location 1, to
analyze the internal axial force
2. Cross-sectional area. Identify the area of contact for
axial stress. This should be perpendicular to the internal
axial force
Shearing Stress
Example:
A 20mmØ is subjected to the 200N as
shown in the figure. A shear effect was
created at the shaft as the two loads
were applied in opposite direction and
causes sliding at location 4. (as seen at
Location 4).
1. Internal Forces. Cut the section
and identify in the plane of cross-
section the internal forces acting
and needed in the section.
2. Cross-Sectional Area. Identify
the parallel area to the force, or the
area that slides once the external
force is applied.
3. Stress.
Stresses on Inclined Planes
1. Components of P. Using statics, P as an
internal force should be into x and y
component because when we analyze
shear and normal force, we need them to
be parallel and perpendicular to the cross-
section area.
2. Cross-Section Area. It is a common
mistake for students to use the dimension of
the material. Using trigonometry, when you
put the view on the cross section, the other
needed dimension should be get and solved
from the inclined side of the material.
It is the contact pressure between separate
Bearing Stress bodies.
Source: Mechanics of Materials for Dummies
vcv
When dealing with bolts and shafts:
d
BOLT
d
d BOLT
BOLT
P
CONTACT
t
PLATE
t
PLATE
Source: Mechanics of Materials for Dummies
Gross and Net Area:
Consider the bar example shown and calculate the stress at locations 1, 2 and 3.
¼in
2 in
F=2,000lbs F=2,000lbs
2 in
2 in
6 in
Location Location Location
1 2 3
a ) RealSystem
Cross-sectional
area A
1
F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs
INT
F =2,000lbs
INT
For Location 1 and 3: 1. Internal
Cross-sectional Forces.
area A
1
F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs
INT
2. Cross-Sectional Area.
F =2,000lbs
INT
AGROSS = (6 in) (0.25 in) = 1.5 in2,
3.
Stress.
σ
AVG = (+2,000 lbs) ÷ (1.5 in2) = 1,333
psi.
For Location 2: 1. Internal Forces.
Cross-sectional
area A
2000 lbs.
1
2. Cross-Sectional Area.
F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs F =2,000lbs
INT
F =2,000lbs
INT
3. Stress.
Example:
Two plates, upper plate 15mm thick and lower plate 10mm thick, are joined by four rivets of
20mm diameter as shown. Assume the load is equally divided among the rivets.
1. Calculate load P that can be applied if the
shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 80
MPa.
80= ; P = 100.53 kN
2. Calculate load P that can be applied if the
bearing stress in the plates is limited to 140
MPa.
; P = 112 kN
140=
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
σ
HOOP
σ
AXIAL Longitudinal
axis
Longitudinal
axis
Source: Mechanics of Materials for Dummies
Longitudinal Stress, σL
also known as axial stress acts at the length of the member along the longitudinal axis
and tangentially around the circumference of the cross section.
Source: Strength of Materials
Tangential Stress
-also known as hoop stress or circumferential stress. It is always double the stress of
axial stress for thin-walled pressured vessels.
Source: Strength of Materials
Spherical Shell
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:
Example1:
If the stress is limited to 8000 psi , calculate the allowable internal pressure of a 4-ft
diameter spherical tank with a wall thickness of 5/16 in.
Example 2:
The diameter of a vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi. If it is to carry gas at
pressure 1400 psi, calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel.
Example 3:
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of
the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be
applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.
END OF UNIT 1
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