INTELLIGENCE
AND
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
Presented By : Jacob Benicarlo
and Jane Joy Nidua
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
WHAT IS
INTELLIGENCE?
The ability to learn or understand or to
deal with new or trying situations
The ability to apply knowledge to
manipulate one's environment or to think
abstractly as measured by objective criteria
(such as tests)
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DEFINING
DIFFERENCES
INTELLIGENCE
Alfred Binet (1916) Charles Spearman (1923)
The tendency to take and The ability to educe
maintain a definite direction, (infer) relations or
the capacity to make
adaptations for the purpose
correlates.
of attaining a desired end,
and the power of
autocriticism.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DEFINING
DIFFERENCES
INTELLIGENCE
David Wechsler (1939) Freeman (1955)
Adjustment or
The global capacity of a
adaptation of the
person to act purposefully,
to think rationally, and to
individual to his total
deal effectively with his/her environment.
environment.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DEFINING
DIFFERENCES
INTELLIGENCE
Sternberg (1986) Gardner (1983)
Mental activities involved in
Ability to resolve
purposive adaptation to,
shaping of, and selection of genuine problems or
real-world environments difficulties as they are
relevant to one’s life. encountered.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
WHAT IS
INTELLIGENCE?
Intelligence is a central theme of cognitive
development and it explains how a person differ in
problem-solving, reasoning, memory, and learning speed.
It is a key to understand how thinking evolves across
childhood until adulthood.
However there is no set definition that exist right
now. Some researchers suggested it is a general
ability. While others pushed that it encompasses a set
of attributes, skills, and talents.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
WHAT IS
DIFFERENCES
INTELLIGENCE?
Although definitions may very from one expert to another, they
do tend to agree on certain criteria that intelligence meet such
as logic, reasoning, problem solving, and planning. More
specifically current definitions of intelligence state that it is the
ability to :
• Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and
use of knowledge is an essential component of intelligence.
• Recognize problems: To use knowledge, people first must
identify the problems it might address.
• Solve problems: People must then use what they have
learned to come up with solutions to problems.
TYPES OF
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
General Intelligence
1
General intelligence, also called the g factor,
refers to a broad mental capacity that affects
how well a person performs in different
cognitive tasks. It’s the idea that beyond
specific skills, there is an underlying ability that
influences overall learning and problem-solving.
Terms like intelligence, IQ, general cognitive
ability, and general mental ability are often
used interchangeably to describe this same
concept.
TYPES OF
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Primary Mental Abilities
2 Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone
(1887–1955) focused on seven
primary mental abilities rather than
a single, general ability.
TYPES OF
2 INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Primary Mental Abilities
• ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY: THE ABILITY TO MEMORIZE AND
RECALL
• NUMERICAL ABILITY: THE ABILITY TO SOLVE
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
• PERCEPTUAL SPEED: THE ABILITY TO SEE DIFFERENCES
AND SIMILARITIES AMONG OBJECTS
• REASONING: THE ABILITY TO FIND RULES
• SPATIAL VISUALIZATION: THE ABILITY TO VISUALIZE
RELATIONSHIPS
• VERBAL COMPREHENSION: THE ABILITY TO DEFINE AND
UNDERSTAND WORDS
• WORD FLUENCY: THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE WORDS
RAPIDLY
TYPES OF
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Theory of Multiple
Intelligences
Howard Gardner, proposed that people can be
3 intelligent in many different ways, not just
through IQ. While IQ testing often comes to
mind when we think of intelligence, it’s
usually defined as our natural intellectual
potential, something we’re born with,
measured through tests, and not easily
changed.
TYPES OF
3 INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Theory of Multiple
• Intelligences
BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE: The ability to control body
movements and handle objects skillfully
• Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity to detect and respond
appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others
• Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune
with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes
• Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think conceptually
and abstractly, as well as discern logical or numerical patterns
• Musical intelligence: The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm,
pitch, and timbre
• Naturalistic intelligence: The ability to recognize and categorize
animals, plants, and other objects in nature
• Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal skills and
sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words
• Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in images and
visualize accurately and abstractly
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
INTELLIGENCE
DIFFERENCES
The Triarchic Approach to
Intelligence
Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as
4 the mental ability to adapt to, shape, and select
environments that matter in one’s life. While he
agreed with Howard Gardner that intelligence goes
beyond a single ability, he believed some of
Gardner’s types were more like specific talents.
Sternberg then introduced the idea of “successful
intelligence,” which is made up of three factors:
analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
INTELLIGENCE
DIFFERENCES
4
The Triarchic Approach to
Intelligence
• ANALYTICAL INTELLIGENCE: THE ABILITY TO
EVALUATE INFORMATION AND SOLVE PROBLEMS
• CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE: THE ABILITY TO
COME UP WITH NEW IDEAS
• PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE: THE ABILITY TO
ADAPT TO A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Individual differences can be understood in both
quantitative and qualitative ways. Quantitative
differences are measured through variables like
heredity and environment, while qualitative
differences are observed through unique traits and
attributes. The term also refers to the varying rates
at which people acquire knowledge and skills.
These differences show up in areas like retention,
transfer of learning, problem-solving, learning
styles, and other measurable traits of personality.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
1. DREVER JAMES:
DEFINED
(according to psychologists)
“VARIATIONS OR DEVIATIONS FROM THE AVERAGE OF
THE GROUP, WITH RESPECT TO THE MENTAL OR
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS, OCCURRING IN THE
INDIVIDUAL MEMBER OF THE GROUP ARE INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES.”
2. SKINNER, C.E.:
“TODAY WE THINK OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AS
INCLUDING ANY MEASURABLE ASPECT OF THE TOTAL
PERSONALITY.”
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
DEFINED
(according to psychologists)
3. WOODWORTH, R.S. AND MARQUIS, D.G.:
“Individual differences are found in all psychological
characteristics physical mental abilities, knowledge,
habit, personality and character traits.”
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
DEFINED
(according to psychologists)
IN SHORT, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES CAN BE
UNDERSTOOD AS THE NATURAL VARIATIONS THAT SET
PEOPLE APART IN TERMS OF MENTAL ABILITIES, PHYSICAL
TRAITS, HABITS, SKILLS, AND OVERALL PERSONALITY. THEY
CAN BE SEEN IN THE WAY PEOPLE THINK, LEARN, AND
BEHAVE, AND ARE SHAPED BY BOTH INHERITED AND
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE DIFFERENCES HIGHLIGHT
THAT NO TWO INDIVIDUALS ARE EXACTLY ALIKE, AND
RECOGNIZING THEM IS IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN GROWTH, LEARNING, AND DEVELOPMENT.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
WHAT CAUSES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Heredity
Heredity is one of the major causes of individual
differences. People inherit physical traits such as facial
features, eye and hair color, skin type, skull shape, or
even tendencies toward conditions like color blindness or
certain diseases. Mental traits like intelligence, abstract
thinking, aptitudes, and even certain biases are also
influenced by heredity. These inherited traits affect both
the pace and the level of an individual’s physical and
mental development, which is why no two individuals
develop in exactly the same way.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
WHAT CAUSES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Environment
Environment also plays a vital role in shaping individual
differences. A person’s surroundings and experiences
continuously influence their personality, beginning from
conception and lasting throughout life. Environment
includes physical, intellectual, social, cultural, moral,
political, and economic factors, all of which contribute to
shaping a person’s individuality. Psychologists generally
agree that both heredity and environment work together,
interacting to shape personality and development.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
[Link]
Physical differences
People vary in height, body build, complexion, and overall
appearance, which are clear examples of physical differences.
2. Differences in intelligence
Individuals have different levels of intelligence, ranging from
very high to very low, which affects how they think and solve
problems.
3. Differences in attitudes
People hold different attitudes toward others, objects,
institutions, and authority, shaping how they respond in various
situations.
4. Differences in achievement
Even with the same level of intelligence, individuals differ in
their success at tasks like reading, writing, and math, often due
to interests, background, or experience.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
[Link]
Differences in motor ability
Some people perform physical or mechanical tasks easily, while
others find them difficult, showing differences in motor skills.
6. Differences on account of sex
Men and women differ in areas such as memory, handwriting,
logic, language, and sensory abilities, with each showing
strengths in different domains.
7. Racial differences
Groups may differ in average traits due to environmental and
cultural factors, though these cannot be used to judge any single
individual.
8. Differences due to nationality
People from different nations show variations in physical build,
personality, humor, and interests, shaped largely by culture.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
9. Differences due to economic status
Children’s interests, habits, and character are influenced by
whether they come from wealthy or poor backgrounds.
10. Differences in interests
Sex, family background, race, and culture all shape the kinds of
activities and subjects that interest people.
11. Emotional differences
Individuals vary in how they handle emotions—some get angry
or upset quickly, while others remain calm or react with humor.
12. Personality differences
People differ in personality traits, leading to classifications into
groups such as introverts, extroverts, or other personality types.
IMPLICATIONS FOR INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
LEARNING
Intelligence and individual differences are
important in understanding cognitive development, but
they can’t just be summed up by a single score or test.
Theories like Spearman’s g factor, Gardner’s multiple
intelligences, and Sternberg’s triarchic theory all show that
intelligence has many sides. On top of that, things like
heredity, environment, personality, attitudes, and emotions
explain why no two learners are ever the same. These
differences can be seen in physical traits, learning styles,
interests, and levels of achievement, which only proves that
every student develops in their own unique way.
IMPLICATIONS FOR INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
LEARNING
Because of this, depending only on standardized
intelligence tests risks misunderstanding or misjudging
learners. Teachers need to look past scores and pay
attention to how students really think, create, and perform
in real-life situations. Those who struggle should be guided
with patience, flexibility, and the chance to learn at their
own pace. For gifted learners, it means offering challenges
and enrichment that help them grow even more. In the end,
education should always be learner-centered, focusing on
intelligence and individual differences as the key to helping
each student reach their full potential.
INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
THANK YOU
Presented By : Jacob Benicarlo
Language
DEVELOPMENT
NIDUA, JANE JOY T.
By the end of this lesson,
learning students will be able to:
objectives Define Language
Development
Stages of
Language
Development
Importance of Language
Development
What IS
Language?
LANGUAGE
is a structured system that
humans use to communicate by
exchanging thoughts, feelings,
and ideas through words,
gestures, or writing.
language
developmen
t?
language
developmen
t?
•a process starting early in
human life, when a person
begins to acquire language
by learning it as it is
spoken and by mimicry.
language
developmen
t?
•Children language
development moves from
simple to complex.
•Infants start without
2 types of
language
receptive language
Is the "input" of language, the
ability to understand and
comprehend spoken language
that you hear or read.
expressive language
is the “output "of language,
the ability to express your
wants and needs through
verbal or nonverbal
tongue twister
[Link] a doctor doctors a doctor, does
the doctor doing the doctoring doctor
as the doctor being doctored wants to
be doctored or does the doctor doing
the doctoring doctor as he wants to
doctor?
STages of language
development
1. Pre-linguistics
•BIRTH-6 MONTHS
•Before actual words, infants use non-
verbal sounds like crying and
vegetative sounds to communicate
basic needs and emotions.
•DEVELOP: COOING AND BABBLING
2. Holophrastic (one word
•9-8MONTHS
•Children start to use their first real
words to represent entire ideas or
objects.
•DEVELOP: MEANINGFUL WORDS &
UNDERSTANDING PRECEDES
3. two word stage
•18-24 MONTHS
•Children combine two words to
form simple, two-word phrases.
•DEVELOP: PHRASE FORMATION
& RAPID VOCABULARY GROWTH
4. Telegraphic stage
•2-3 YEARS OLD
•Children begin to use longer,
short sentences, but omit smaller,
nonessential words like "the" or
"is"
[Link]-word and Mature Stage
•>3 YEARS OLD
• begin to use develop more complex
grammatical structures and a greater
range of vocabulary, leading to more
coherent communication.
•DEVELOP: COMPLETE SENTENCE & STORY
TELLING
why language
development is important?
Language development is
important because it provides
the fundamental skills for
communication, social
interaction, and cognitive
growth, laying the foundation
for academic success and
lifelong well-being.
REFERENCES INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Intelligence and Individual Diff erences
[Link]
[Link]
individual-differences-types-causes-and-role-psychology/2557
[Link]
intelligence/
[Link]
intelligence/
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
van Hoogdalem, A., & Bosman, A. M. (2024). Intelligence tests and the individual:
Unsolvable problems with validity and reliability. Methodological Innovations, 17(1),
REFERENCES INTELLIGENCE & INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Language Development .
[Link]
ment-educ-1-PowerPoint-presentation
[Link]
81955988/81955988