ELECTRONIC CLOUD OF
ATOMS
Electron core roles
Chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
Nuclear reactions
radioactivity
BOHR’S MODEL
In 1913 , Niels Bohr proposes 3 theories to
build the planetary model of the atom.
BOHR THEORY
1st theory : There are stable (stationary) circular orbits of the
electron for which it does not radiate energy . These orbits
correspond to well-defined energy levels, they are said to be
quantified ( all the s in the same orbit have the same energy
which cannot take any value).
2nd theory: the electron can pass from one orbit to another, and
thus from one energy level to another by absorption or emission
of energy.
3rd theory: the kinetic moment of the electron is quantified in
the form:
L=Pr = mvr= n h/2π (n=1 , 2, 3...)
Mass of e-
Quantity of movement
Speed of the e- Planck’s constant
II-QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF
AN ELECTRON
The state of an e- in an atom (its energy, its movements
around the nucleus, the shape of the orbital) is defined by:
- Its 4 quantum numbers n, l, m, s
- Schrödinger’s equation
- Its wave functionn,l,m
III- QUANTUM NUMBERS
1- The main quantum number n
n denotes and quantifies the energy level of the electron
n= 1, 2, 3, 4,...,
n=1 K layer
n=2 L K
n=3 M ect ….
L
When n equals 1, the e- occupies the
N
lowest energy level. M
2- The secondary quantum number l (or azimuthal)
Determines the shape of the orbital or electron cloud
an orbital: The volume in which there is more than 90% chance of
finding an electron
l can take all integer values from 0 to n -1 .
l = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc., up to n -1
l=0 sub-layer s
l=1 sub-layer p
l=2 sub-layer d
l=3 sub-layer f
n=1 l=0 sub-layer 1s or orbital 1s (spherical)
3- The magnetic quantum number m
m precise the orientation of the orbital - l≤m≤l
Sub layer s
l=0 m=0 Quantum Case
m=-1 m=0 m=1
l=1 m= -1, 0, 1
3 possible directions
m=-1 m=0 m=1
Sub layer p
l=2 (sub layer d) m= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
5 possible directions
m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=1 m=2
Number of orbitals per sub layer = 2l+1
4- The quantum number of spin s
Spin defines the direction of orientation of the magnetic
field created by the rotation of the electron on itself
2 possible directions of rotation 2 allowed spin values
s= +1/2 and s= -1/2
Example
Representation and quantum state of an electron
Either an electron located at the layer n=2
l=0 m=0 s= 1/2 and s=- 2 quantum states
1/2
n=2
l=1 m= -1 m= 0 m=1
s= 1/2 and s=-1/2 s= 1/2 and s=-1/2 s= 1/2 and s=-1/2
6 quantum states
Total possible quantum states= 8 states
WAVE FUNCTION
The probability of the presence of an
electron in a volume τ is given by the
relation:
Ψ is a purely mathematical wave function
It is defined by the three quantum numbers: n, l and m: Ψ n,l,m
The 3s orbital function of Ψ 3,0,0
The 2p orbital Ψ 2,1,-1 Ψ 2,1,0 Ψ 2,1,1