THE COMPUTER

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF

COMPUTER
COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPUTER
• It is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory
unit that accept data, process data
mathematically or logically and produce
meaningful results called information
WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

• Capabilities:
• 1. It is fast
• In a computer, operations occur through the use of
electronic circuits contained on a small chips. When data
flows along these circuits, it travels at close to the speed of
light. This allows the processing to be accomplished in
millionths or even billionths of a second
WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

• Capabilities:
• 1. It is reliable
• A human being can grow tired, a computer cannot. The
computer can perform repetitive tasks without getting
board or tired. Unlike humans, it does not need motivation
to do a job. Supplied with a correct set of instructions,
called programs, it can process batches of job continuously
WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

• Capabilities:
• 1. It is accurate
• The computer calculates values and moves data within
locations in the computer. When any of these operations is
executed, it performs self-checking to keep the integrity of
data. One of these is what is called parity check. These
means that before data are transferred from one location to
another, the computer checks whether they are correctly
copied or not
WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

• Capabilities:
• 1. It stores large amount of data.
• Storage capability is another reason why computers are so
powerful . They can store enormous amounts of data during
processing and keep that data when not being processed.
Just the same as a filing cabinet is used in an office to store
records. Personal computers have several megabytes, and
sometimes gigabytes of memory and this memory still
increases in capacity as you upgrade the computer.
WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

• Capabilities:
• 1. It has numerous other capabilities
• A computer can recall data stored in its memory; it is
capable of remote processing and simultaneous processing;
it can communicate with other computer. One major
development in recent years is the Internet.
Teleconferencing and even video conferencing have been
made possible and business transactions can be closed
internationally through networks
WHAT COMPUTERS CANNOT DO
• It is dependent on programs.
• For a computer to perform the operations in the data
processing cycle, it must be given a detailed set of
instruction or steps that tell it exactly what to do. These
instructions can be called a computer program
instructions or software
WHAT COMPUTERS CANNOT DO

• It cannot generate its own data.

• The computer is reliant on the input of the user. If you
input wrong instructions or data, you cannot expect the
computer to correct it for your. The quality of output is
based on the quality of input, thus, the computer
adage, “Garbage In, Garbage Out”GIGO
WHAT COMPUTERS CANNOT DO
• It is prone to viruses
• The increase in number of computer viruses has already
destroyed many programs in the past and even affected
the performance of some computer components and
peripherals. A number of antidote or antivirus software has
been developed to protect the programs and data on the
computers from virus attack. These are installed in the
memory to guard against infection by computer viruses
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
• It refers to the physical components of the
computer system. It is the tangible part of the
system which include input, process, output and
storage devices.
SYSTEM UNIT / CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

• The central processing unit (CPU) or the processor is the

“heart and brain” of the computer. It contains the
electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to
occur. It directs the computer on where the data must be
stored; what instruction to execute, to perform requested
operations; and when to place the result. All arithmetic
and logical data processing also takes place in the
processor. Numeric calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division are called
arithmetic operations. The comparison of data to see if
one value is greater than, equal to, or less than another
value is called logical operations
SYSTEM UNIT
INTERNAL PARTS OF A SYSTEM
UNIT
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a
microcomputer. It is also known as the main board or
system board
POWER SUPPLY

• A power supply changes normal household

electricity into electricity that a computer can use.
CPU / PROCESSOR
• The CPU is the central electronic chip that
determines the processing power of the computer.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores
applications, documents, and stem operating information.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• Store data and instructions that are used by
the CPU to perform some task.
• These instructions are usually loaded into
RAM from a secondary storage device.
• RAM is also used to store instructions that
tell the CPU how to work with its parts.
These instructions are usually called
drivers.
• The instructions in RAM are constantly
changing, depending on the needs of the
CPU.
• The instructions in RAM are volatile.
• When the computer is turned off the
information in RAM disappears.
• The information in RAM needs to be
ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)
• Stores instructions that are
used by the CPU
• Tells the CPU how to be the kind of
computer it is, for example a
Windows, Macintosh, or Play
Station computers.
• Tells the CPU how to work with the
different parts of the computer
• ROM can also hold programs that
are directly accessed by the CPU.
One such program is the self-test
when the computer is first turned
on. The self-test tests to seem if
all the parts on the main circuit
board (mother board) are working
correctly.
ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)
• The instructions in ROM can not usually be changed
• The instructions are built into the electronic circuits of the
chips
• These instructions in ROM are called firmware
• To change the instructions in ROM you need to usually
change the chips or do some other special process that is
normally not available to an average user.

• The instructions in ROM are nonvolatile. They stay

in ROM even when the computer is turned off.
HARD DISK (MODERN: SSD, NVME AND M.2)
• The hard drive is the
primary device that a
computer uses to
store information. The
hard drive stores
programs, data files,
saves files, and
organizes files. The
hard drive is located
inside the computer
case. The hard drive,
magnetically stores
•Non-volatile Memory
• SSD (Solid-state drive)
• a type of solid-state storage device that uses
integrated circuits to store data persistently. It is
sometimes called semiconductor storage device,
solid-state device, and solid-state disk.

• M.2 (Next Generation Form Factor

(NGFF)
• s a specification for internally mounted computer
expansion cards and associated connectors. M.2
replaces the Mini SATA (mSATA) standard and the
Mini PCIe (mPCIe) standard
CD /DVD ROM DRIVE
• CD-ROM is a device that reads
information stored on a compact disc.
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read
Only Memory. One CD is equal to the
space in over 40 floppy disc.
 BIOS CHIP
• contains the data needed
to boot-up your PC and
other critical data.
• It acts as a bridge between
the computer's hardware
and software, allowing
them to communicate
efficiently.
MASTER BOOT RECORD (MBR)
• disks use the standard BIOS partition
table.
GUID PARTITION TABLE (GPT)
• disks use the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
(UEFI).
DATA CABLES / RIBBON CABLES (OLD INTERFACE)

• allows data to travel from the device to the

motherboard.
SATA CABLE (MODERN)
• Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
or Serial ATA cables are used to connect
devices in computer cable assemblies, such as
storage devices, for example.
BACK PANEL OF A SYSTEM UNIT
 PORTS

• It is where
computer
peripherals are
connected
INPUT DEVICES

• Input devices are used to enter data into a

computer. These include the keyboard, the
mouse, joystick, scanners, and microphone.
KEYBOARD

• It is used to key in data into the

memory of the computer.
• Has special keys for giving the
computer commands
• Commands tell the computer to do
something, like save the file
• These special keys are called
command or function keys
MOUSE

• It is a pointing device that is moved

around the computer screen to select a
command or open a file or an
application.
JOYSTICK

• Helps you control the movement of an

object or characters in computer
game.
SCANNER

• It works like a
photocopy machine. It
allows you to transfer
pictures and
photographs to your
computer. It captures
the image from the top
to the bottom, one line
at a time and transfers
it to the computer
series of bits or binary
MICROPHONES

• It can captures sounds

or voices for recording
of effects.
 OTHER INPUT DEVICES
• Digital Camera Web Cams
OUTPUT DEVICES

• Output devices are used to give out processed data

from the memory unit of the computer. Output from a
computer can be presented in two forms. It could be in
hard copy format, output which is printed on paper or
other permanent media, or soft copy which is displayed
on screen or by other non-permanent means. The
printer which produces hard copy, converts electronic
or digital text and images into printed form. The
monitor, a soft copy device, displays the software
being used and also the result from the data
processing.
MONITOR
• Shows the processed information on a screen
• A monitor uses a Picture Tube like a television with the
image displayed on the front of the tube, which is called
the screen
LIGHT CRISTAL DISPLAY (LCD
SCREEN)
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE MONITOR
(LED SCREEN)

an LED monitor or LED

display is a flat screen,
flat-panel computer
monitor or television. It
has a short depth and is
light in terms of weight.
PRINTER

• Printers produce a hard copy

• The information is printed on paper and can be
used when the device is off.
• It is also called a printout
TYPES OF PRINTER

• Dot Matrix Printer / Impact Printer

• Uses metal pins to strike an inked ribbon to make dots on a
piece of paper.
• Can see the dots that make up the letters or images.
• Lowest print quality of all of the printers.
• Very low in cost per page to use.
• Rarely used today because of the poor print quality, but still
used in business to print multi-part forms.
DOT-MATRIX PRINTER
TYPES OF PRINTER

• Ink jet printers (non-impact printer)

• Use drops of magnetic ink to produce dots on a page to
produce text or images.
• The print quality is almost the same as a laser printer's.
• Problems with the ink
• The ink is very expensive
• The ink is water soluble and will run if the paper gets wet
• Highest cost per page of all the printers
• For producing color documents, it has the highest quality at
a reasonable price.
INK JET PRINTER
TYPES OF PRINTER

• Laser printers (non-impact printer)

• How the laser printer produces an image
• A laser or LEDs make dots on a light sensitive drum
• Toner (very tiny particles of plastic) stick to the drum where the dots
where made
• Paper is pressed against the drum and the toner is placed on the
paper
• The paper is heated and the toner melts into the paper
• Produces the highest quality printout
• For black and white printouts, very low cost per page
• Printout is permanent
• Color laser printers are still fairly expensive ($3,000 to $10,000)
LASER PRINTER / NON IMPACT
COMPUTER
TYPES OF PRINTER

• 3D Printer
• a machine allowing the creation of a physical object from a
three-dimensional digital model, typically by laying down
many thin layers of a material in succession.
• 3D Printing
• Stereolithography (SLA)
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
• Digital Light Process (DLP)
• Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)
• PolyJet
• Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
• Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
SPEAKERS

• Used to sound input.

 AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

• Auxiliary storage devices keep instructions and

data when they are not being used by the CPU.
Common auxiliary storage devices on personal
computers include diskette, compact disk (CD),
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD). Built into most
computers is the hard disk. It contains non-
removable metal disks called platters, and provide
larger storage capacities than diskette or compact
disk.
 STORAGE DEVICES

CD ROM / DVD ROM Drive

Compact Disk / DVDs

External Hard Disk

 STORAGE DEVICES

Floppy Diskette Zip Disk

USB / Flash Drive / Thumb drive Hard Disk

 PORTS
• Ports – It is where Computer Peripherals are
connected
• Connecting Computer Peripherals
• Peripherals – are electronic equipment that can be
connected to the CPU through cable and ports. Cable
allow the flow of electricity within the computer
system if connected to their corresponding port
KINDS OF PORT

• Serial Port
KINDS OF PORT

• VGA (Video Graphics Array)

KINDS OF PORT
• Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
• digital video transmission format is
based on panel Link, a serial format
developed by Silicon Image that
utilizes a high-speed serial link called
transition minimized differential
signalling (TMDS).

• DisplayPort (DP)
• It is primarily used to connect a video
source to a display device such as a
computer monitor. It can also carry
audio, USB, and other forms of data.
• Designed to replace VGA, FPD-Link,
and Digital Visual Interface (DVI).
KINDS OF PORT

• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

• is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting
uncompressed video data and compressed or
uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-
compliant source device, such as a display controller, to
a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital
television, or digital audio device.
KINDS OF PORT

• Serial Port
KINDS OF PORT

• Parallel Ports
KINDS OF PORT

• USB Port – plug and play

KINDS OF PORT

• Speaker / Line In / Microphone

KINDS OF PORT
• TOSLINK Port
• is a standardized optical Fiber connector system.
Generically known as optical audio
CABLE CONNECTOR

• USB Cable Connector

CABLE CONNECTOR

• Power Cable
CABLE CONNECTOR

• Data Cable / VGA Cable

CABLE CONNECTOR

• Network Cable / RJ45 connector

CABLE CONNECTOR

• Serial Connector
CABLE CONNECTOR

• PS/2 Connector
CABLE CONNECTOR

• Printer Serial Connector

 CABLE CONNECTOR
• Jacks (For Speaker / Headset / Microphone)
THANK YOU