MODULE 1
POWER GENERATION AND
DOMESTIC WIRING
Contents
Conventional and nonconventional energy sources, Single line diagram of electrical
power system, Meter Board, Distribution board, Sub circuits Tariff and types (Flat
and Blocked rate), Concept of electric shock precautions against electric shock,
Working principle of fuse and miniature circuit breaker (MCB), merits and demerits,
Earthing, necessity of earthing, Pipe and Plate earthing, Elementary calculations for
energy consumption of household appliances.
Conventional energy sources
Example
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nonconventional Energy sources
Example
Advantages
Disadvantages
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM
⮚ Generating station
The generation Voltage is 11kV (it may be
6.6kV or even 33kV in certain cases)
⮚ Transmission
✔ Primary (At 132kV / 220kV/ 400kV)
✔ Secondary (At 33kV / 66kV)
⮚ Distribution
✔ Primary (33kV to 11kV)
✔ Secondary ( 11kV to 440V for 3ϕ)
( 11kV to 230V for 1ϕ)
SERVICE MAINS
The line bringing electric
power from supplier's low voltage
distributor up to the energy meter
installed at the consumer's
premises is called service
connection or service mains.
Service connection may be
achieved by means of
underground cables or by means
of overhead conductors or cables.
METER BOARD / DISTRIBUTION BOARD
Electricity Tariff
The amount of money frame by the supplier for the supply of electrical
energy to various types of consumers in known as an electricity tariff.
The electricity tariffs depends on the following factors
• Type of load
• Time at which load is required.
• The power factor of the load.
• The amount of energy used.
Types of Tariff
Flat rate: The flat demand rate tariff is expressed by the equation C = Ax. In
this type of tariff, the bill of the power consumption depends only on the
maximum demand of the load. The generation of the bill is independent of
the normal energy consumption.
Uses: street light, sign lighting, irrigation
Block rate: In this type of tariff, the energy consumption is distinguished into
blocks. The per unit tariff of the individual block is fixed. The price of the
block is arranged in the decreasing order. The first block has the highest cost,
and it goes on decreasing accordingly.
Uses: Residential application
ELECTRIC SHOCK
It is an agitated feeling that we experience, caused by
the passing of an electric current through the body.
Electrical energy flows through a portion of the body
causing a shock.
Exposure to electrical energy may result in no injury at
all or may result in devastating damage or death.
• The factors affecting the severity of the shock are,
• Magnitude of current through the body
• Path of the current through the body
• Time for which the current is passed through the body
• Frequency of the current
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK
• Insulation of the conductors used must be proper and in good condition.
• Megger tests should be conducted, and insulation must be checked.
• Earth connection should be always maintained in proper condition.
• Turn off the mains supply switch and remove the fuses before starting any installation
work.
• Fuses selected must have correct ratings.
• Use rubber soled shoes while working. Use some wooden support under the feet, this
removes the contact with the earth.
FUSE
It is the simplest and cheapest device used for interrupting an
electrical circuit under short circuit, or excessive overload current
magnitudes. The operating range is from 400V to 66kV.
The working principle of a Fuse is based upon the Heating effect of
the electric current.
Rewireable Fuses consists of two main parts
✔A Fuse Base, Made up of Porcelain contains the in and out
terminals
✔A Fuse Carrier, which holds the Fuse Element.
✔Fuse Element is made up of Tinned Copper, Aluminum, Lead, etc.
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)
Fuse Demerits
Merits
• Replacing the fuse can be time-
• The fuse element can be easily consuming, leading to a power
replaced.
outage during the process.
• The fuse is completely
maintenance-free. • It has a low breaking capacity.
• Breaks the short circuit current flow • Compared to circuit breakers,
• A fuse can interrupt a large short fuses operate at a much slower
circuit current without generating speed.
noise, flames, or smoke • Fuses do not have adjustable
• A fuse operates significantly faster trip settings.
than a circuit breaker.
• If the fuse wire is of the
incorrect size, it may need to
be replaced frequently.
MCB Demerits
Merits
• The cost of the MCB is more as
• A miniature circuit breaker compared to MCCB and fuse.
finds in a compact size that can • Also, the distribution board’s
easily handle and move.
cost is high than the rewireable
• MCB is used as the control fuse board.
switch that turns off • Sometimes, it can not properly
automatically.
work and protect against
• The switching performance of earth’s faults.
MCB is good.
• An MCB is a reusable type. So,
less maintenance is required.
• The cost of maintenance and
replacement is less over fuse.
EARTHING
The process of transferring an unintended electrical energy directly
to the earth through a low resistance wire is called electrical
earthing.
The body of electrical equipments, appliances etc. is to be
connected to earth for safe discharge of electric current to the
earth, in the event of any leakage, fault etc.
The earth is considered to be zero potential. Earthing is done to
provide safety to user from electric shock.
NECESSITY OF EARTHING
✔ To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical
devices and appliances from leakage current.
✔ To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs
on any one phase).
✔ To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.
✔ To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.
PIPE EARTHING PLATE EARTHING
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF KIT KAT FUSE
Elementary calculations for energy consumption of household
appliances.