“Spot the Difference!
”
Directions: Spot the differences of two identical pictures presented on
the board.
“How am I created?”
Directions: Complete the chart by describing the origin of various
pictures, based on your understanding.
Guide Question/s:
Which landform/feature did you find most interesting to
research or describe? Why?
Were there any landforms or features that you found particularly
challenging to explain? What made them difficult?
Can human activities influence the formation of any of these
features? If so, how?
If you had to choose one factor that has the biggest impact on
shaping the Earth's surface, what would it be and why?
EXOGENIC
PROCESS
Geomorphic Process
Geomorphic Process refers to the processes which includes
changes and alterations of Earth’s surface. The scientific study
relates to this concept is known as geomorphology which
comes from Greek roots, “geo” (earth), “morph” (form), and
logos (study) which simply transpose as the study of earth
forms.
Geomorphologist are concerned primarily with earth’s
surficial features such as the changes to its form as a result of
different geomorphic processes which can be classified into two
types: exogenic (external) and endogenic (internal)
geomorphic process.
Exogenic Process
-are geomorphic
processes that take place at or
near the earth’s surface that
makes the surface wear away.
Weathering
-is the process of breaking down rocks into
small particles such as sand, clay, gravel and
other fragments. There are two types of
weathering: mechanical weathering and chemical
weathering.
1. Mechanical Weathering
– or physical weathering is the
breakdown of rocks into pieces without any
change in its composition. In this process,
the size and shape of rocks changes
because of several factors.
Factors Description
Pressure Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain
range. After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying
rocks and sediments may erode. At the point when the
pressure diminishes, the rock expands, cools, and became
brittle and fractured.
Temperature Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high
temperature. However, if the temperature drops to 0°C
(freezing point of water), it also expands and causes
fracture.
Frost Wedging Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when
water accumulates in the crack and at that point freezes,
the ice expands and breaks the rock apart.
Factors Description
Abrasion The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and
friction. This primarily occurs during collision of rocks,
sand, and silt due to current or waves along a stream
or seashore causing sharp edges and corners to wear
off and become rounded.
Organic Activity The roots grow causing penetration into the crack,
expand, and in the long run, break the rock.
Human Activity Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests
and cultivating land contribute to physical weathering.
Burrowing Animals Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into
the ground to create a space for habitation.
02
2. Chemical weathering
– In chemical
weathering, there are
changes in the composition
of rocks due to the chemical
reactions.
Factors Description Examples
When specific rock-forming The formation of stalactites and
minerals dissolved in stalagmites in caves are brought
Dissolution
water. about by this chemical reaction.
The breakdown of rock by Rock-forming minerals like
acidic water to produce amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar
Hydrolysis clay and soluble salts. react with water and form different
kinds of clay minerals.
The response of oxygen Rusting in rocks is an example of this
with minerals. If the iron chemical reaction.
Oxidation oxidizes, the mineral in
rocks decomposes.
Erosion
- is the separation and removal of
weathered rocks due to different agents that
causes transportation of the material to where
they are deposited.
Agents Description
Wind Erosion by wind happen when wind carry sediments,
removing loose and fine particles from the surface and
transport to another location.
• Also called as aeolian erosion.
Water Erosion by water happen when water moves sediments
through different causes like:
• Rainfall (splash erosion),
• Snowmelt,
• River (fluvial erosion)
• Running waters (rills erosion)
• Waves and currents of the oceans.
Agents Description
Glacial Erosion by ice occurs when glacial ice moves over its
bed.
• Melting of ice
• Quarrying
• Frost wedging of large rocks
Animals Erosion by animals happen due to animals’ behavior of
directly displacing of sediments and overgrazing exposing
the soil to wind and water erosion.
• Also called as zoogenic erosion
Mass Wasting
- also known as mass
movement, is the movement of
sediments downslope under the
influence of gravity. Mass movement
can be classified based on the rate of
movement of earth’s materials.
Rate of Type Description
Movement
Creep Very slow, gradual downhill movement of soil particles, often
imperceptible except over long periods.
Slow • Characterized by soil ripples, an uneven small, wave-like features
on the soil surface.
Flow Slow, continuous movement of soil and water, like a viscous fluid.
Conditional • E.g., Mudflows, debris flow, and earthflow.
Fall A sudden, free-falling or vertical drop of a material from a cliff or steep
slope.
• Characterized by talus, a pile of materials that forms at the base of
a cliff.
Topple Forward rotation of a material mass about a pivot point, often resulting
Fast in a fall.
• E.g., Debris topple
Slide Movement of a mass along a defined surface.
• E.g., Rotational slides and Translational slides)
Spread Horizontal movement of soil or rock, often due to liquefaction.
• E.g., Lateral spread
Deposition
- is the process in which the
weathered materials carried out by
erosion or mass wasting settle down
in a particular location adding to a
new landform or landmass.
Deposition is not specific to a single
weathering, erosion, or mass wasting
event. Deposition can be classified
based on their agents.
Types Agents Examples
Sand dunes. Wind carries sand grains and deposits them
Aeolian
Wind when it slows down, creating dunes of various shapes.
Deposition
Deltas. Rivers carry sediments and deposit them at their
Fluvial mouths where they meet the sea, forming triangular-shaped
River
Deposition landmasses.
Moraines. Glaciers carry a wide range of sediment sizes
Glacial (from boulders to fine dust) and deposit them as they melt,
Glaciers creating ridges of debris called moraines.
Deposition
Marine Oceans currents Beaches. Waves carry and deposit sand along coastlines,
Deposition and waves creating beaches.
Talus slopes. Piles of angular rock fragments that
Gravity accumulate at the base of cliffs or steep [Link] pulls
Gravity rocks and soil down the slope, where they pile up.
Deposition
Sand dunes Deltas Moraines
Beaches Talus Slopes