Systematics Based on
Evolutionary Relationships:
Tree of Life and Systematics
(Phylogenetics, Cladogram,
Taxonomy, Binomial
Nomenclature)
General Biology 2
First Quarter-Module 9
After going through this module,
you are expected to;
2. discuss how
anatomical,
1. describe the multiple
developmental and
lines of evidence used
relatedness in DNA
to infer evolutionary
sequences are used as
relatedness;
evidence to infer the
relatedness of taxa;
4. explain how the
structural and
3. explain that developmental
classification is based on characteristics and
evolutionary relatedness; relatedness of DNA
and sequences are used in
classifying living things
(STEM_BIO11/12IIIhj-14).
Phyloge
ny
• the study of
the evolutionary
history and
relationships among
organisms. It shows
how different species
are related to each
other through
common ancestors.
Shows Evolutionary Relationships
It helps scientists understand how
species are connected and how they
Why is evolved from common ancestors.
Phylogeny Helps in Classification
Important? It supports the classification of
organisms based on evolutionary
history, not just physical traits.
Tracks Traits and Genes
It helps trace the origin of specific traits
or genes across different species.
How is Phylogeny
Represented?
• Branches: Represent
evolutionary paths.
• Nodes: Points where a
common ancestor splits
into two or more species.
• Root: The most ancient
common ancestor.
• Tips: The current
species or groups.
How Do Scientists Build Phylogenies?
Morphologi
DNA and cal
Fossil
protein traits (like
records
sequences bone
structure)
branch of biology that
deals with classifying
organisms and
determining
What is their evolutionary
Systemati relationships.
cs? It helps scientists
understand how life is
organized and how
different species are
related through evolution.
Key Concepts in
Systematics
The science
of naming, describing,
and classifying organisms.
Taxonomy
Uses a hierarchy:
Domain > Kingdom >
Phylum > Class > Order >
Family > Genus > Species
Domain
• Archaea, Bacteria, and
Eukarya.
• Archaea and Bacteria
are single-celled
prokaryotic
microorganisms.
• The domain Eukarya
contains eukaryotes—
organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus and
organelles.
Kingdom
• Archaea,
• Bacteria
• Protista (protozoa
and algae)
• Fungi (mushrooms,
molds, and yeasts),
• Plantae
• Animalia
Phylum
• classified in a phylum or
division primarily based
on their body type.
• Animals of the phylum
Chordata have an
internal skeleton and a
backbone or notochord
(a primitive backbone).
• This group includes
fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and
mammals.
Class
• Members of a class share
more characteristics than
they do with other
organisms in the same
phylum.
• Mammalia includes
vertebrae animals with
milk-producing
mammary glands to feed
their young, a neocortex
region of the brain, fur or
hair, and three middle
ear bones.
Order
• Order ranks below
class. The groups in
an order have more in
common than with
other members of the
same class. There are
approximately 26
different orders in
biological
classification.
•
• Members of the same family are more
closely related to each other than
other members of the same order.
• Felidae – Cats (e.g., lions, tigers,
domestic cats)
• Canidae – Dogs, wolves, foxes
• Ursidae – Bears
• Mustelidae – Weasels, otters, badgers
• Procyonidae – Raccoons
• Mephitidae – Skunks
• Herpestidae – Mongooses
• Hyaenidae – Hyenas
Family • Viverridae – Civets, genets
• Otariidae – Sea lions
Genus
The groups of
organisms in a genus
share many structural
similarities and are
closely related.
Members of a genus are
more closely related to
each other than they
are to other genera in
the same family.
• Members of the same species share the same
evolutionary history.
• They are more closely related to each other than
other organisms, including other members of the
same genus.
• Members of the same species have both physical and
genetic similarities and the same number of
chromosomes. Members of the same species also
Species mate with each other and produce offspring.
• Examples of Human Diversity (by ancestry or
region):
• Sub-Saharan African
• East Asian
• South Asian
• European
• Indigenous American
• Middle Eastern
• Oceanian
It helps us identify and
Why is name organisms.
Taxonomy
It
Important shows relationships betwe
? en different species.
It makes studying
biodiversity
more organized and
systematic.
Phyloge
ny
• the study of
the evolutionary
history and
relationships among
organisms. It shows
how different species
are related to each
other through
common ancestors.
A method of classification
based on shared
derived
characteristics.
Cladistics
Groups organisms
into clades, which
include an ancestor and
all its descendants.
A group of organisms that
share a common ancestor.
Clade Example: Birds and
crocodiles form a clade
because they share a
more recent ancestor than
birds and mammals.
Traits that evolved in the
most recent common
Shared ancestor and are shared
Derived by all members of the
Traits clade.
These traits help
scientists decide how to
group organisms.
A diagram that shows
relationships between
organisms based on
Cladogra shared traits.
m
It looks like a branching
tree but does not show
time or exact
evolutionary distance.
Feature Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram
Purpose Shows evolutionary Shows shared traits
history and and branching
relationships relationships
Includes ✅ Yes — can show time ❌ No — does not show
Time? or evolutionary time or exact distances
distance
Branch Meaningful — may Not meaningful — all
Lengths represent genetic branches are usually
change or time equal
Focus Evolutionary lineage Shared derived
and divergence characteristics (traits)
Used In Phylogenetics, Cladistics, taxonomy
evolutionary biology
It helps scientists
understand how species
Why is evolved.
Cladistics
It shows which organisms
Important are more closely related.
?
It avoids grouping based
only on physical
appearance, focusing
instead on evolutionary
history.
A system developed
by Carl Linnaeus.
Binomial
Nomenclat
ure Each species has a two-
part Latin name:
Genus
species (e.g., Homo
sapiens)
Each organism’s
name has two parts:
How It
Works Genus name –
Always capitalized
Species name –
Always lowercase
Dog – Cannis familiaris
Rabbit – Leporidae cuniculas
Elephant – Proboscidea elephantidae
Pig – Artiodactyla suidae
Human – Homo Sapiens
Dolphin – Delphinidae delphis
Horse – Eqqus caballus
Camel – Camelus camelidae
Cat – Felis catus
Deer – Artiodactyl cervidae
Potato – Solanium tuberosum
Onion – Allium cepa
Apple – Pyrus maleus
Banana – Musa paradiscium
Lemon – Citrus limonium
Maize – Zea mays
Orange – Citrus aurantium
Pineapple – Ananus sativus
Watermelon – Citrullus vulgaris
Wheat – Triticum aestivum
Carrot – Daucas carota
Tagalog Name English Name Scientific Name
Singkamas Jicama Pachyrhizus erosus
Talong Eggplant Solanum melongena
Sigarilyas Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Mani Peanut Arachis hypogaea
Sitaw String bean Vigna unguiculata subsp.
sesquipedalis
Bataw Hyacinth bean Lablab purpureus
Patani Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus
Kundol Winter melon Benincasa hispida
Patola Sponge gourd Luffa acutangula
Upo Bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria
Kalabasa Squash Cucurbita maxima
Labanos Radish Raphanus sativus
Mustasa Mustard Brassica juncea
Sibuyas Onion Allium cepa
Kamatis Tomato Solanum lycopersicum
Bawang Garlic Allium sativum
Luya Ginger Zingiber officinale
Linga Sesame Sesamum indicum
Avoids confusion caused by
common names (e.g., “panther”
can mean different animals).
Why Is It
Important Helps scientists communicate
clearly across languages and
? regions.
Shows relationships between
species (e.g., Panthera
leo and Panthera tigris are both
big cats).