Algorithm Concepts and
Fundamental Algorithms
Problem Definition, Logical
Reasoning, Decomposition,
Representation, and Implementation
Problem Definition
• • Clearly define the problem to be solved.
• • Identify inputs, outputs, and constraints.
• • Helps in setting the scope of the solution.
Logical Reasoning
• • Step-by-step approach to solving problems.
• • Ensures correctness and efficiency of
solutions.
• • Basis for designing algorithms.
Decomposition
• • Breaking down complex problems into
smaller parts.
• • Makes problem easier to understand and
solve.
• • Encourages modularity and reusability.
Software Design Concept of an
Algorithm
• • Designing algorithms with clear steps.
• • Focus on correctness, efficiency, and
simplicity.
• • Helps in implementation and maintenance.
Algorithm Representation
• • Pseudocode – high-level description of
steps.
• • Flowcharts – visual representation of logic.
• • Structured English – simplified
representation.
Algorithm Discovery
• • Finding new algorithms to solve problems.
• • Based on creativity and logical reasoning.
• • Involves analysis and testing of ideas.
Iterative Structures
• • Use of loops (for, while) to repeat tasks.
• • Efficient for problems with repetitive steps.
• • Examples: Summation, Counting.
Recursive Structures
• • Algorithm calls itself with smaller
subproblems.
• • Used in problems like factorial, Fibonacci.
• • Requires base condition to stop recursion.
Efficiency and Correctness
• • Efficiency: Time and space complexity.
• • Correctness: Produces accurate results.
• • Balance between performance and accuracy.
Implementation of Algorithms
• • Translating algorithms into programming
languages.
• • Testing and debugging to ensure
correctness.
• • Optimization for performance.
Fundamental Algorithms
• • Exchanging the values of two variables.
• • Counting and Summation of numbers.
• • Factorial computation.
• • Generation of Fibonacci Sequence.
• • Reversing digits of an integer.
• • Base conversion between number systems.