Applications of Differential
Equations
to Real World Systems
Presented by
Dr. Rehan Ali Shah
What is differential equation?
ODE’s/ PDE’S
Why we study differential equations?
Types of Differential equations
Applications of Differential
equations
Falling Particle
Cooling/Warming Law
Population Growth and Decay
Radio-Active Decay
Mixture of Two Salt Solutions
Series Circuits
Survivability with AIDS
Draining a tank
Economics and Finance
Mathematics Police Women
Drug Distribution in Human Body
2 Cooling/Warming law
The mathematical formulation of Newton’s empirical law of
cooling of an object in given by the linear first-order
differential equation
This is a separable differential equation. We have
or ln|T-Tm |=t+c1
or T(t) = Tm+c2et
Example 1: When a chicken is removed from an oven, its
temperature is measured at 3000F. Three minutes later its
temperature is 200o F. How long will it take for the chicken to
cool off to a room temperature of 70oF.
Solution: Put Tm = 70 and T=300 at for t=0 in last equation, we
have
T(0)=300=70+c2e.0
This gives c2=230
For t=3, T(3)=200
Now we put 1t=3,13
T(3)=200 and c2=230 then
200=70 + 230
ln
3 23e
0.19018
.3
or
Thus T(t)=70+230 e-0.19018t
We observe that furnishes no finite solution to T(t)=70 since
limit T(t) =70.
t
The temperature variation is shown graphically in Figure 4.1. We
observe that the limiting temperature is 700F.
3 Population Growth and Decay
The differential equation
dN (t )
dt
kN (t ) Represent the population model,
where N(t) denotes population at time t and k is a
constant of proportionality, serves as a model for
population growth and decay of insects, animals and
human population at certain places and duration.
Solution of this equation is
N(t)=Cekt, where C is the constant of integration:
Integrating both sides we get
lnN(t)=kt+ln C
or
N(t)=Cekt
C can be determined if N(t) is given at certain time.
Example 2: The population of a community is known to
increase at a rate proportional to the number of people
present at a time t. If the population has doubled in 6
years, how long it will take to triple?
Solution : Let N(t) denote the population at time t. Let
N(0) denote the initial population (population at t=0).
dN
kN (t )
dt
Solution is N(t)=Aekt , where A=N(0)
Ae6k=N(6) =2N(0) = 2A
or e6k=2 or k = ln 2
Find t when N(t)=3A=3N(0)
or N(0) ekt=3N(0)
or t= 9.6 years (approximately 9 years 6 months)
Example 3 Let population of country be decreasing at
the rate proportional to its population. If the population
has decreased to 25% in 10 years, how long will it take
to be half?
dN
Solution: This phenomenon can be modeled
dt
kN( t )by
Its solution is
N(t)=N(0) ekt, where
N(0) in the initial population
For t=10, N(10)= N(0)
(¼)N(0) = N(0) e10k
or e10k= 1/4
or k=1/10 ln 1/4
Set N(t)= N(0)
1
ln
or t= 2 8.3 years approximately.
1 1
ln
10 4
3 Radio-active Decay and Carbon Dating
A radioactive substance decomposes at a rate
proportional to its mass. This rate is called the decay
rate. If m(t) represents the mass of a substance at any
time, then the decay rate is proportional to m(t). Let us
recall that the half-life of a substance is the amount of
time for it to decay to one-half of its initial mass.
Example 4. A radioactive isotope has an initial mass
200mg, which two years later is 50mg. Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at
any time. What is its half-life?
Solution: Let m be the mass of the isotope remaining after
t years, and let -k be the constant of proportionality.
Then the rate of decomposition is modeled by
dm/dt= - km,
where minus sign indicates that the mass is decreasing. It
is a separable equation. Separating the variables,
integrating, and adding a constant in the form lnc, we
get
lnm+lnc = - kt
Simplifying,
lnmc = - kt (3)
or mc = e-kt
or m = c1e-kt, where c1=1/c
To find c1, recall that m =200 when t=0. Putting
these values of m and t in (3) we get
200 = c1 e-ko = c1.1
or c1=200
and m = 200e-kt (4)
The value of k may now be determined from by substituting
t=2, m=150.
150 = 200 e-2k
or –2k=ln(3/4)
This gives
(0.2877)= 0.1438 0.14
The mass of the isotope remaining after t years is then given
by
m(t) =200e -.1438t
The half-life th is the time corresponding to m=100mg.
Thus
100 = 200 e-0.14th
or = e-0.14th
1 0.693
ln 0.5 4.95 years
0.14 0.14
or th= -
Example 5 Find the current in a series RL circuit in
which the resistance, inductance, and voltage are
constant. Assume that i(o)=0; that is initial current is
zero.
Solution: It is modeled by
di
Ri E( t )
dt
Since , R and E are constant
The solution of is
R
t
E
i (t ) (1 e )
R
Mathematics Police Women
The time of death of a murdered person can be determined
with the help of modeling through differential equation.
A police personnel discovers the body of a dead person
presumably murdered and the problem is to estimate
the time of death. The body is located in a room that is
kept at a constant 70 degree F.
For some time after the death, the body will radiate heat
into the cooler room, causing the body’s temperature to
decrease assuming that the victim’s temperature was
normal 98.6F at the time of death.
Forensic expert will try to estimate this time from body’s
current temperature and calculating how long it would
have had to lose heat to reach this point.
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the body will radiate
heat energy into the room at a rate proportional to the
difference in temperature between the body and the room.
If T(t) is the body temperature at time t, then for some
constant of proportionality k,
T'(t)=k[T(t)-70]
This is a separable differential equation and is written as
Upon integrating both sides, one gets
ln|T-70|=kt+c
Taking exponential, one gets
|T-70|=ekt+C=Aekt
where A = eC. Then
T-70= Aekt= Bekt
Then
T(t)=70 + Bekt
Constants k and B can be determined provided the
following information is available: Time of arrival of the
police personnel, the temperature of the body just after his
arrival, temperature of the body after certain interval of
time.
Let the officer arrived at 10.40 p.m. and the body
temperature was 94.4 degrees. This means that if the
officer considers 10:40 p.m. as t=0 then
T(0)=94.4=70+B and so
B=24.4 giving
T(t)=70 + 24.4 ekt.
Let the officer makes another measurement of the
temperature say after 90 minutes, that is, at 12.10 a.m. and
temperature was 89 degrees. This means that
T(90)=89=70+24.4 e90k
19
Then e90k ,
24.4
19
So 90k ln
24.4
and
1 19
k ln
90 24.4
The officer has now temperature function
t 19
ln
T( t ) 70 24.4 e 90 24.4
In order to find when the last time the body was 98.6
(presumably the time of death), one has to solve for time the
equation
t 19
ln
T( t ) 98.6 70 24.4 e 90 24 . 4
t 19
ln
To do this, the officer writes e 90 24.4
28 . 6
24.4
Therefore, the time of death, according to this mathematical
model, twas
90 ln( 28.6 / 24.4)
ln(19 / 24.4)
which is approximately –57.0.7 minutes.
The death occurred approximately 57.07 minutes before the first
measurement at 10.40 p.m. , that is at 9.43 p.m. approximately
Drug Distribution (Concentration) in Human Body
To combat the infection to human a body appropriate dose
of medicine is essential. Because the amount of the drug in
the human body decreases with time medicine must be
given in multiple doses. The rate at which the level y of the
drug in a patient’s blood decays can be modeled by the
decay equation
dy
ky
dt
where k is a constant to be experimentally determined for
each drug. If initially, that is, at t=0 a patient is given an
initial dose yp, then the drug level y at any time t is the
solution of the above differential equations, that is,
y(t)=yp e-kt
Thanks to all