Dept of MTE
Overveiw
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SYLLABUS
Module-1
Introduction to Electronic Communications: Historical perspective, Electromagnetic
frequency spectrum, Signal and its representation, Elements of electronic communications
system, primary communication resources, Analog and digital transmission, Modulation
Module-2
Amplitude Modulation Techniques: Types of analog modulation, Principle of amplitude
modulation, Limitations of AM
Angle Modulation Techniques: Principles of Angle modulation, Theory of FM-basic
Concepts, Theory of phase modulation
Module-3
Dept of MTE Pulse Modulation Techniques: Digital Versus Analog Transmissions, Sampling Theorem,
Classification of pulse modulation techniques, PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM, Quantization of
signals
Module-4
Digital Modulation Techniques: Types of digital Modulation, ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK
Module-5
Evolution of wireless communication systems: Brief History of wireless communications,
Advantages of wireless communication, disadvantages of wireless communications, wireless
network generations, Comparison of wireless systems, Evolution of next generation networks,
Applications of wireless communication
Module-2 Amplitude Modulation Techniques and
Angle Modulation Techniques
Dept of MTE
Analog Modulation
When the carrier signal is continuous in nature such as fixed frequency
sinusoidal signal, the process of modulation for analog information signal is
known as analog modulation, also known as Continuous Wave (CW)
modulation.
Let us try to know various types of analog-modulation techniques considering an
arbitrary analog modulating signal and a fixed-frequency sinusoidal carrier
signal. A typical waveform of an arbitrary analog information signal is shown in
Fig. 2.1.
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Fig.2.1 An Arbitrary Analog Information Signal
Analog Modulation
Let the time-varying carrier signal be a high-frequency analog sinusoidal signal of
the form:
vc(t) = Vc sin (2πfct + q)…..(2.1)
where Vc is the maximum amplitude (volts), fc is the carrier signal frequency
(Hz), and q is phase angle (radians) of the carrier signal. It is obvious that
amplitude, frequency, and phase are three characteristics of analog carrier signal.
Accordingly, there may be three distinct possibilities for the process of analog
modulation such as
• If the amplitude (Vc) of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the
Dept of MTE instantaneous value of the analog information signal, the process is known as
Amplitude Modulation (AM).
• If the frequency (fc) of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the
instantaneous value of the analog information signal, the process is known as
Frequency Modulation (FM).
• If the phase angle (q) of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the
instantaneous value of the analog information signal, the process is known as
Phase Modulation (PM).
Analog Modulation
Amplitude vs Frequency vs Phase Modulation
Amplitude modulation is a linear modulation, whereas angle modulation
(frequency and phase modulation) is a nonlinear modulation technique.
Since frequency is the rate of change of phase, frequency modulation and phase
modulation are related to each other.
In both frequency modulation and phase modulation, the angle of a carrier
Dept of MTE signal is varied in some proportion (directly in case of phase modulation;
whereas the integral in case of frequency modulation) to the instantaneous value
of the analog modulating signal.
Amplitude Modulation
Principles of Amplitude Modulation:
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the process of varying the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value
of the information (modulating) signal.
• In practice, the modulating signal is more often an arbitrary complex analog
waveform such as an audio signal but a fixed-frequency sinusoidal wave
(single-tone) is always considered for easy understanding and mathematical
Dept of MTE analysis purpose.
• The higher-frequency signal that is combined with modulating signal to
produce the modulated waveform, is called the carrier signal. The high-
frequency carrier signal is almost always a sinusoidal wave (unless otherwise
specified) in analog modulation techniques.
Amplitude Modulation
Let the modulating signal be a low-frequency analog sinusoidal signal which can
be expressed as
vm(t) = Vm sin (2πfmt)….(2.2)
where vm(t) is the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, Vm is the
maximum amplitude of modulating signal in volts, and fm is the modulating
frequency in Hz.
Let the analog carrier signal be expressed as
vc(t) = Vc sin (2πfct)….(2.3)
where Vc is the maximum amplitude of carrier signal in volts, and fc is the fixed
Dept of MTE frequency of carrier signal in Hz.
As per the definition of amplitude modulation, the instantaneous value of the
amplitude modulated (AM) signal can be expressed as
vAM (t) = [Vc + vm(t)] sin (2πfct)….(2.4)
This expression shows that the amplitude of the carrier signal Vc is varied in
direct proportion to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, vm(t).
Amplitude Modulation
Fig.2.2 illustrates the relationship among the modulating signal vm(t), the
carrier signal vc(t), and the amplitude modulated signal vAM(t) for amplitude
modulated (AM) signal, as described by equations 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4,
respectively.
From the amplitude-modulated signal waveform, it is observed that
• When no modulating signal is applied, the modulated AM signal waveform
is simply the unmodulated carrier signal.
• When a modulating signal is applied, the amplitude of modulated signal
Dept of MTE waveform varies in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
• The frequency of the carrier signal in the amplitude modulated signal
waveform remains the same as that of the original unmodulated carrier
signal.
Amplitude Modulation
AM Envelope: The time-varying shape of the amplitude-modulated waveform
is called the envelope of the AM signal or simply the AM envelope.
From amplitude-modulated waveform as shown in Fig. 4.2 (c), the following is
observed:
• When the peaks of the individual waveforms of the carrier signal in
amplitude-modulated wave in positive half and negative half are joined
together separately (as shown by dotted lines), the resulting envelopes
resemble the original modulating signal.
• The exterior shape of the each half (positive or negative) of the AM envelope
Dept of MTE is identical to the shape of the modulating signal.
• The modulated AM wave contains the information signal in the amplitude
variations of the carrier signal.
• The AM envelope contains all the frequency components (the carrier signal,
sum and difference of carrier frequency and modulating frequency) that make
up the AM signal.
Amplitude Modulation
Dept of MTE
Fig.2.2 The Modulating Signal, vm(t), The Carrier Signal, vc(t) and The
Amplitude Modulated (AM) Signal, vAM(t)
Amplitude Modulation
Time-Domain Analysis of AM Signal
The mathematical expression of AM signal in time-domain is derived now.
Rewriting the general expression of AM signal as defined in Equation (4.4),
vAM(t) = [Vc + vm(t)] sin (2πfct)
Substituting vm(t) = Vm sin (2πfmt), we have
v AM(t) = [Vc + Vm sin (2πfmt)] sin (2πfct)….(2.5)
This is the mathematical expression of amplitude-modulated (AM) signal in the
time-domain.
Modulation Index: The ratio of the maximum amplitude of the modulating
Dept of MTE signal (Vm) and the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal (Vm) is known as
the modulation index for AM wave.
That is,
….
(2.6)
The amplitude modulation index is also known as depth of modulation,
coefficient of modulation, degree of modulation, modulation factor, or
amplitude sensitivity. It describes the amount of change in amplitude (that is,
modulation) present in an amplitude-modulated waveform.
Amplitude Modulation
Percent Modulation: The modulation index can be expressed as a percent
modulation, Ma. Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the
amplitude of the output AM waveform when the carrier signal is amplitude
modulated by a
modulating signal. It can be calculated by multiplying modulation index by 100.
That is,
Ma = ma × 100….(2.7)
Expression for AM Signal in terms of Modulation Index:
Re-writing the general expression of amplitude-modulated (AM) signal in the
Dept of MTE time-domain as
vAM(t) = [Vc + Vm sin (2πfmt)] sin (2πfct)
Amplitude Modulation
Draw AM envelopes for ma = 1.0; ma
= 0.5; and ma = 0.
We know that ma = vm/vc
For ma = 1.0, that is, 100% modulated
wave, Vm = Vc. Figure 4.3 illustrates the
AM envelope for ma = 1.0.
Dept of MTE For ma = 0.5, that is, 50% modulated
wave, Vm = Vc/2. Figure 4.4 illustrates
the AM envelope for ma = 0.5.
Fig.2.3 AM Envelope for ma=1
Amplitude Modulation
For ma = 0, that is, 0% modulated
wave means unmodulated wave.
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Fig.2.4 AM Envelope for ma=0.5
Amplitude Modulation
Limitations of AM
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Angle Modulation
Principles of Angle Modulation:
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Angle Modulation
Generalized Concept of Angle Modulation:
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Frequency Modulation
Theory of FM Basic Concepts:
Frequency Modulation (FM) is that form of angle modulation in which the
instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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Frequency Modulation
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Phase Modulation
Theory of Phase Modulation:
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MODULE-3
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Digital versus Analog Transmissions
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Digital versus Analog Transmissions
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