Dept of MTE
Overveiw
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Dept of MTE
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Dept of MTE
SYLLABUS
Module-1
Introduction to Electronic Communications: Historical perspective, Electromagnetic
frequency spectrum, Signal and its representation, Elements of electronic communications
system, primary communication resources, Analog and digital transmission, Modulation
Module-2
Amplitude Modulation Techniques: Types of analog modulation, Principle of amplitude
modulation, Limitations of AM
Angle Modulation Techniques: Principles of Angle modulation, Theory of FM-basic
Concepts, Theory of phase modulation
Module-3
Dept of MTE Pulse Modulation Techniques: Digital Versus Analog Transmissions, Sampling Theorem,
Classification of pulse modulation techniques, PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM, Quantization of
signals
Module-4
Digital Modulation Techniques: Types of digital Modulation, ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK
Module-5
Evolution of wireless communication systems: Brief History of wireless communications,
Advantages of wireless communication, disadvantages of wireless communications, wireless
network generations, Comparison of wireless systems, Evolution of next generation networks,
Applications of wireless communication
Module-3 Pulse Modulation Techniques
Dept of MTE
Digital versus Analog Transmissions
Dept of MTE
Digital versus Analog Transmissions
Dept of MTE
Sampling Theorem
The sampling theorem is the fundamental principle of digital communications. It
provides the basis for transmitting analog information signal by use of digital
transmission techniques.
The analog information signal such as speech or video signals is sampled with a pre
determined train of narrow rectangular pulses in such a way so as to closely
approximate the instantaneous sampling process.
In the sampling process, a continuous-time varying analog signal is converted into a
discrete-time signal by measuring the signal amplitude level at periodic instants of time.
Dept of MTE Sampling Theorem for Baseband Signal:
A baseband signal is an analog information signal which is band-limited having a finite
energy.
Statement of Sampling Theorem in Time –Domain
“A baseband signal having no frequency components higher than fm Hz may be
completely recovered from the knowledge of its samples taken at a rate of at least 2 fm
samples per second, that is, sampling frequency fs≥2fm”.
Sampling Theorem
Definition of Nyquist Sampling Rate:
The minimum sampling rate fs = 2fm samples per second is called the Nyquist
sampling rate.
Statement of Sampling Theorem in Frequency-Domain:
“A baseband signal having no frequency components higher than fm Hz is completely
described by its sample values at uniform intervals less than or equal to 1/(2fm) seconds
apart, that is, the sampling interval Ts≤1/(2fm) seconds.”
• Then these samples uniquely determine the analog information signal, and the
analog signal may be reconstructed from these samples with no distortion.
Dept of MTE • The maximum sampling interval Ts = 1/(2fm) seconds is called Nyquist sampling
interval.
Proof for sampling Theorem for a Baseband Signal:
• Theoretically, a band-limited signal has zero value of Fourier transform beyond the
highest spectral frequency fm Hz.
• Theoretically, the Fourier transform of a band-limited signal extends from – ∞ to +
∞.
• But practically the Fourier transform provides a finite bandwidth because higher-
order terms can be neglected without any significant error.
Sampling Theorem
Dept of MTE
Sampling Theorem
Dept of MTE
Sampling Theorem
Dept of MTE
Sampling Theorem
Dept of MTE
Pulse Modulation Techniques
Pulse Modulation: When any one characteristics (such as amplitude, width or position)
of a relatively higher frequency carrier signal comprising of discrete pulses is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of the analog modulating signal, it is called pulse
modulation.
• To transmit an analog information data using digital signals and digital-transmission
techniques, pulse modulation is necessary.
• Pulse modulation essentially consists of sampling analog information data at regular
Dept of MTE intervals and then converting those samples into discrete pulses.
• These pulses can then be transmitted from a source to a destination over a physical
communication channel.
Classification of Pulse Modulation
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Classification of Pulse Modulation
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
Dept of MTE
Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
Dept of MTE Methods of Sampling:
There are three distinct methods of sampling in PAM:
• Ideal sampling—an impulse at each sampling instant
• Natural sampling—a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
• Flat-top sampling—sample and hold (like natural sampling) but with fixed amplitude
value
Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
Ideal Sampling:
In ideal sampling, an arbitrary analog signal is
sampled by a train of impulses at uniform
intervals, Ts. An impulse (having virtually no
pulse width) is generated at each instant of
sampling.
Natural Sampling:
Natural sampling refers to PAM signals when tops
of the sampled pulse retain their natural shape
during the sample interval.
Dept of MTE Figure 7.21 shows the waveform for natural
sampling.
In natural sampling, an arbitrary analog signal is
sampled by a train of pulses having finite short
pulse width occurring at uniform intervals. The
amplitude of each rectangular pulse follows the
value of the analog information signal for duration
of the pulse.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
Flat-top Sampling:
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
Generation and Demodulation of PAM Signals:
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)
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Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
Dept of MTE
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
Dept of MTE
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
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Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
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Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
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Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
Generation of PPM Signals:
Dept of MTE
Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
Generation of PPM Signals:
Dept of MTE
Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
Demodulation of PPM Signals:
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Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
Dept of MTE
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
PCM system Block Diagram:
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Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
Dept of MTE
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
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PCM Encoding and Coding Efficiency:
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
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Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
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Quantization of Signals
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Quantization of Signals
Dept of MTE
Quantization of Signals
Dept of MTE
Quantization of Signals
Dept of MTE
Quantization of Signals
Dept of MTE