Wireless
Communications and
Networking
Lecture 1
OSI Model
Application
Computer Science
Network
Link
PHY Electrical Engineering
Spectrum
Why go wireless ?
Advantages
Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables
User mobility
Cost
Limitations
Bandwidth
Fidelity
Power
(In)security
Wired Vs. Wireless Communication
Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation
Low interference (Cross-talk) High interference
noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
Wireless Systems: Range Comparison
1m 10 m 100 m 1 Km 10 Km 100 Km 1,000 Km
Mobile FM MW SW Satellite
WLANs Telephony, Radio Radio Radio Links
IR Blueooth
WLL
Cellular Systems
Growth of Cellular Subscribers
Cellular System Evolution
Understanding wireless communication
Tx
Rx
• How does signal propagate ?
• How much attenuation take place ?
• How does signal look like at the receiver ?
EM Spectrum
ISM band
902 – 928 Mhz
o
o
di
2.4 – 2.4835 Ghz
di
di
ra
ra
ar
ra
l
W
FM
l lu
AM
TV
5.725 – 5.785 Ghz
TV
S/
ce
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 100mm
X rays
Gamma rays
infrared visible UV
1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band
Radio Propagation
Three basic propagation mechanisms
Reflection Diffraction Scattering
λ << D λ D λ >> D
• Propagation effects depend on not only on the specific portion of
spectrum used for transmission, but also on the bandwidth (or
spectral occupancy) of the signal being transmitted
• Spatial separation of Tx-Rx
Propagation
EE
The higher frequencies will
usually encounter more “loss”
in “real world” situations
Path loss in dB
10 W P1
dB = 10 log (----)
101 P2
Power
Path loss from source to d2 = 70dB
10-3 1 mW
10,000 times 1,000 times
40 dB 30 dB 1 W
10-6
source d1 d2
The Cluttered World of
Radio Waves
hills
girders
rain
hallways
windows
vehicles
trees
walls
Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
Wireless Internet
access
Nth generation
Cellular
Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks
Sensor Networks
Wireless
Entertainment
Smart
Homes/Spaces
Automated
Highways
All this and more…