M.M.
Babu Narayanan, Joint Director
Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore,
India
babu@[Link]
PURPOSE OF EARTHING
PROTECTION OF INSTALLATION
IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF SERVICE
SEFETY OF PERSONNEL
TYPES OF EARTHING
SYSTEM EARTHING
PROTECTIVE EARTHING
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
LOW VALUE OF EARTH RESISTANCE
ACCEPTABLE SURFACE POTENTIAL GRADIENTS
RULES/GUIDELINES
IE ACT 1910 & IE (SUPPLY) ACT 1948 REPLACED BY
ELECTRICITY ACT 2003
IE RULES 1956 (FRAMED U/S 37 OF IE ACT 1910)
IS: 3043/1966, 1987
CBI&P GUIDELINES
ANSI/IEEE STD. 80/1961, 1976, 1986, 2000
IEC STD. 479-1/2000
IS 3043/ 1987
SECTIONS 1& 2: COVER LT, MV & HV INSTALLATIONS
IE RULES 1956
RULES APPLICABLE FOR EARTHING:
32,33,61,67,69 & 90
HAZARDS DEPEND ON:
FREQUENCY
OF CURRENT
MAGNITUDE FLOWING
THROUGH
DURATION HUMAN BODY
FREQUENCY
HUMANS MORE VULNERABLE TO EFFECTS OF AC AT
50/60 Hz
SLIGHTLY LARGER CURRENTS AT LOW FREQUENCIES
& DC
HIGHER CURRENTS AT HIGH FREQUENCY (3 – 10 kHz)
HUNDREDS OF AMPERES OF LIGHTNING CURRENTS
MAGNITUDE
MOST COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN THE ORDER OF
INCREASING MAGNITUDE
PERCEPTION (1mA)
LET-GO CURRENTS (1-6 mA)
MUSCULAR CONTRACTION (9-25 mA)
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (100 mA)
BURNING
DURATION
SAFE BODY CURRENTS
DALZIEL’S EQN: (AIEE 80/1961)
I k2 t 0.0272 or
0.165
Ik
t
IEEE STD. 80/1976
0.116
Ik
t
IEEE STD. 80/1986 &2000
0.116
I k 50
t
0.157
I k 70
t
DURATION
CBI&P (INDIA)
0.155
Ik amps(r .m.s); t : sec onds
t
ACCIDENTAL GROUND CIRCUIT
1. RESISTANCE OF HUMAN BODY: 500 -3000 OHMS
NON-INDUCTIVE AT P.F (50 /60 Hz)
GENERALLY TAKEN AS 1000 OHMS IN
DESIGN OF
GROUNDING SYSTEMS
2. RESISTANCE OF HUMAN FOOT
MODELED AS A CONDUCTING METALLIC
DISC OF
RADIUS 8 CM
RESISTANCE OF HUMAN FOOT
R foot ;b radius
4b
R Mfoot
2df
df = Distance between feet,
m
Touch voltage Circuit
RESISTANCE OF HUMAN
FOOT IN SWITCH YARDS
For Sub stations spread with a layer of Gravel,
Resistance of the foot derived as:
R f Cs (h s , K )
4b
Where,
Cs (h s , K ) 1 2 Q
n 1
Kn
Q 1
2
[1 ( 2nX ) ] 2
s
K
s
s = Gravel Resistivity
= Soil Resistivity
X = h/b
h = Thickness of Gravel layer, m
b = Equivalent radius of foot (0.08 m)
CRITERIA FOR PERMISSIBLE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
SAFETY DEPENDS ON:
NOT EXCEEDING THE CRITICAL AMOUNT OF
SHOCK
ENERGY BEING ABSORBED BEFORE FAULT
CLEARING
MAXIMUM DRIVING VOLTAGE OF ANY ACCIDENTAL
CIRCUIT NOT TO EXCEED THE LIMITS AS SPECIFIED:
E step (RB R 2FS ) * Ik
FOR STEP: volts
0.155
[1000 6Cs (hs , K) * s ] *
t
CRITERIA FOR PERMISSIBLE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
FOR TOUCH:
E touch (RB R 2FP ) * Ik volts
0.155
[1000 1.5Cs (hs , K) * s ] *
t
BASIC SHOCK SITUATIONS