COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT,

SOLIDARITY, AND
CITIZENSHIP
LEARNING ABOUT
COMMUNITIES
What is Community?

 It is a small or large social unit that has

something in common, such as norms,
religion, values, or identity.
WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN
ABOUT COMMUNITIES?
Different Social Science
Disciplines
Sociology
 is the scientific study of society, patterns of social
relationships, social interaction, and culture of everyday
life. It is a social science that uses various methods
of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a
body of knowledge about social order, acceptance, and
Anthropology
change or social evolution
 is the study of humans and human
behavior and societies in the past and present.

Political Science
 is a social science which deals with systems of
governance, and the analysis of political activities,
political thoughts, and political behavior.
 Social Psychology
 It refers to the branch of psychology that
scientifically studies social behavior, especially the
interaction and influence of individuals and groups
on each other.
Public Administration
 Is the implementation of government policy and also an
academic discipline that studies this implementation and
prepares civil servants for working in the public service.
Human Geography
 The branch of geography dealing with how human
activity affects or is influenced by the earth’s surface
Linguistics
the scientific study of language. It involves analyzing language in context.
Development Studies
 Is a multi-disciplinary branch of social science.

Economic
s  Is the social science that studies
the production, distribution and consumption of goods
and services.
History
 Refer to the academic discipline which uses
a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence
of past events, and objectively determine the
patterns of cause and effect that determine
Lawthem.
 Is a system of rules that are created
and enforced through social or governmental
DEFINING COMMUNITY
 COMMUNITY
Communit • Late Middle English
y term

Communit
as • Which means
(Latin “Fellowship”
Word)

Communis • Means
(Latin “Common
”
Root)
PERSPECTIVE OF A COMMUNITY
Social Science Perspective

Bond
formed by
Interaction Relationship individuals
s with other
individuals
Below are some general definitions of community using a social
science perspective:
 An informally organized social entity, characterized
by a sense of identity;
 A group of people living in the same defined area,
sharing common basic values, organization, and
interest;
 A population which is geographically focused
existing as unique social entity with a collective
identity and purpose; and
 A group of people with diverse characteristic, linked
by social ties, formed and consolidated by their
collective aspirations , sharing and exchanging
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Is social structure and social mechanism of social order

and cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
Is a group of social positions, connected by social
relations, performing a social role
Institution

 Are established rules that ensure the regular

and predictable behavior of actors within a
community.
CATEGORIES OF INSTITUTION
Formal Institution

Are explicitly communicated, embodied in legally

codified documents or artifacts
These serve as basis for the authority to be executed
or expressed.
Informal Institutions
Are practices, norms, traditions, culture,
conduct, and belief systems of a community.
These are not codified or written, but are
nonetheless embedded in communities,
operating due to the interactive process of
preference exchanges and social expectations
that occur therein.
Normative
Refers to the ideal standards, models, or
conduct that is based on what is collectively
considered as appropriate or proper
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
Civil Society

 Refers to a political community of

organized groups operating within
the authoritative parameters of the
state.
Non-Government Organization

 An organization that operates

independently of any government,
typically one whose purpose is to address
a social or political issue.
Peoples Organization

Are independent, autonomous entities, officially

registered and acknowledged as organizations
according to the rules and standards set by the
state
 Is the agency of the Government of the
Philippines responsible for regulating
the securities industry in the Philippines. In
addition to its regulatory functions, the SEC
also maintains the country's company register.
 Beneficiary- Is the recipient of the results of the
development efforts
Legitimate- Lawfully/recognized organization

Bogus- Fake or Spurious organization

Social Movement

 Is a form of collective behavior which springs

largely from the attitudes and aspiration of its
participants
Mass Action
 Operates based on planned strategies and tactics for
pursuing goal and objective.
ORGANIC PERSPECTIVE

 Refers to local or grassroots groups within a

particular locale that are driven and
organized because of community issues and
concerns.
 INDIVIDUAL
DIMENSIONS OF A
COMMUNITY
Interrelationship

 It can be facilitated through familial relations,

affinities or feeling of kinship, and social
network
Organization

 Is an entity comprising multiple people,

such as an institution or an association,
that has a particular purpose.
COMMUNITY MAP
 STRUCTURAL
DIMENSIONS OF A
COMMUNITY
STRUCTURAL DIMENSION OF A COMMUNITY
Geographic Dimension

 It focuses on how a community is shaped

by the physical space it uses and the
location of its resources--- Human, natural,
Socio-Political Dimension

 Refers to the relationships of power and

control between individuals and groups in a
community.
Economic Dimension

 Refers to the means by which members of a

community allocate, produce, and distribute
scarce resources to address their wants and
needs.
Exchange Value

 The quantified worth of a good

or service as compared to other
objects in the market.
Cultural Dimension

 It encompasses the values and beliefs that

are passed on from one generation to
another.
Culture

 It refers to the people’s way of life

 COMMUNITY
DYNAMICS AND
PROCESSES
TWO KINDS OF POWER STRUCTURES IN A COMMUNITY
Formal Power Structure
 Are form the legal-authoritative basis of elected and
appointed government officials and leaders of civic
organization
Informal Power Structure
 Refers to the ability to lead, direct or achieve without an
official leadership title

egal Authoritative decision-makers

 Are individuals or bodies whose authority is based on formal
rules and institution
Influencer
 The person with the most influence, who can lead others to
achieve a goal or accomplish a certain task.
Leadership

Refers to the process and qualities of

command and decisiveness with regard to
the necessary actions that ensure the welfare
Community Leader

 Are individuals selected, nominated, and appointed

as stewards, vanguard, and champions of issues
relevant to a community
S O C IAL
C H AN G E
TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITY
 TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITY
Formal-Informal Typology
Emphasizes leadership and power relations in the community.

Formal Community

 Are characterized by institutionally structured

hierarchies, which define the relationship between
authoritative and subordinate actors and groups.
Informal Community

Are seen to typically operate through socio-cultural

mechanisms within the community structures.
Local-Global Typology
 Focuses on the scope and breadth of communities with respect
to its geographic dimensions and the reach of its other
dimensions.
Local Community

 Is a group of individuals interacting within a shared environment.

Global Community

Stretches beyond the frontiers of a local community,

transcending national, supranational, and regional
demarcations.
They consist of individuals and groups who share
values, beliefs, preferences, needs, risks, interest,
identities, and other attributes beyond physical ,
Rural-Urban Typology
 Is based on the distinction in terms of development,
industrialization, ecological conditions, and life
style.
Rural Community

Are characterized as pastoral, agricultural, and

located along the periphery of urban centers or in
Urban Community

 Are described as industrialized and

commercial centers where population
density is relatively high compared to
rural communities.
Community Sector

 Is a broad set of community-based

organizations that voluntarily and
autonomously function beyond government or
state.
 FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY

 Production-Distribution-Consumptio
 Socialization
 Social Control
 Social Participation
 Mutual Support
 COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT
DEFINED
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

 Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication,

interaction, involvement, and exchange between an organization
and a community for a range of social and organizational
 outcomes.
It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and
through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity,
special interest, or similar situations to address issues
affecting the well being of those people.
SOLIDARITY

Refers to the idea of unity or feeling of agreement

among individuals with a common interest.
 is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards,
and sympathies cause creating a psychological sense of unity
of groups or classes.
CITIZENSHIP

 is the status of a person recognized under the

custom or law as being a legal member of a
sovereign state or belonging to a nation.
COMMUNITY ACTION AND
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY ACTION

 A collective action by a community for the

purposes of arresting a crisis, addressing a
challenge, solving a problem, or
accomplishing a specific outcome
PARTNERSHIP BUILDING

Refers to linking and strengthening the

shared interest of sectors and
accomplish common goals and
objectives for mutual benefit
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

 is a cooperative arrangement between

two or more public and private
sectors, typically of a long-term
nature.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

 is a process where community members come

together to take collective action and generate
solutions to common problems. Community
wellbeing (economic, social, environmental and
cultural) often evolves from this type of collective
action being taken at a grassroots level.
PROCESS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTIC

It involves participation from a big segment of a community

It is participated by well informed members
It results to the decisions made through a consensus
among community member
It encourages group building, leadership development, and
capacity building among community members, while
addressing the issue at hand.
It uses a systematic approach in addressing local concerns
It is an examination of community problems issues in its
entity and not as isolated and independent cases
It uses processes that are flexible and may be applied to
other community concerns.
It is initiated often as a result of a potential or locally
perceived crisis
 6 Cs of Successful
Community Engagement
CAPABILITY
COMMITMENT
CONTRIBUTION
CONTINUITY
COLLABORATION
CONSCIENCE
 ISSUES AND
PROBLEMS OF
COMMUNITIES
 ISSUE

 Is a subject matter that people argue about or discu

COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
 Are conditions or qualifications of issues that are
undesired by members of a community
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A COMMUNITY
PROBLEM
Impact It has a direct and adverse
impact on a community
Duration It frequently occurs
Scope It affects many people within
and the community and those in
Range proximal areas.
Severity It disrupts community life
Equity It deprives people of moral and
legal rights
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human
Rights

 Are rights inherent to all human beings,

regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity,
language, religion, or any other status.
The Universal
Declaration of Human
Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) is a milestone
document in the history of human
rights. Drafted by representatives with
different legal and cultural
backgrounds from all regions of the
world, the Declaration was proclaimed
by the United Nations General
Assembly in Paris on 10 December
1948 (General Assembly resolution
217 A) as a common standard of
achievements for all peoples and all
nations. It sets out, for the first time,
he Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article Right to Fair Public Hearing
10
Article Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven
Article Freedom from Interference with Privacy,
12 Family, Home and Correspondence
Article Right to Free Movement in and out of the
13 Country
Article Right to Asylum in other Countries from
14 Persecution
Article Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to
15 Change It
Article Right to Marriage and Family
16
Article Right to Own Property
17
Article Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free
Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade
Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of
Community
Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this
Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full
 Chito Gascon
Chairman, Commission on Human Rights
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
 Is a recourse in law through which a person can report
an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and
request that the court order the custodian of the
person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to
court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.
WRIT OF AMPARO
 Is a remedy available to any person whose right to
privacy in life, liberty or security is violated or
threatened by an unlawful act or omission of a public
official or employee, or of a private individual or entity
engaged in the gathering, collecting or storing of data
or information regarding the person, family, home and
correspondence of the aggrieved party.
 ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
 Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
 Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
 Section 3.
The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.
Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
 Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances.
 Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.
 Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
 Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
 Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in
the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
 Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation.
 Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
 Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
 Section 12.
1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably
of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
[Link] torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
[Link] confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this Section as well as
compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
 Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall
not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended.
Excessive bail shall not be required.
 Section 14.
1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
due process of law.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent
until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by
himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial,
to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process
to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf.
2. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding
the absence of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

 Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the
public safety requires it.
Section 18.
[Link] person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
[Link] involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19.
[Link] fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed
shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
[Link] employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense.
If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social Justice

 Is a concept of fair and just relations between the

individual and society. This is measured by the
explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth,
opportunities for personal activity, and social
privileges.
“Social Justice as the
humanization of laws
and the equalization
of laws and the
equalization of social
and economic forces
by the so that justice
may at least be
approximated”
 Social Justice is a system of law
that seeks to attain the following
objectives:
Respect our rights and
freedoms as individuals and as
a people.
Eliminate poverty as quickly as
our resources and abilities
would allow:
Senator Jose W. Diokno First, Provide everyone with
their basic material needs then
improve their standard of living
and
Change institution and
 ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the
enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right
of all the people to human dignity, reduce social,
economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural
inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power
for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition,
ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the
commitment to create economic opportunities based on
freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

 Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication,

interaction, involvement, and exchange between an organization
and a community for a range of social and organizational
 outcomes.
It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and
through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity,
special interest, or similar situations to address issues
affecting the well being of those people.
our Pillars of Community Engagement
 Information
 Consultation
 Involvement
 Empowerment
Aside from the achievement of the four pillars of
community engagement, successful community
engagement also entails the guidance of various
principle and goals among them:
Increase in the knowledge of community
members about the issues that are being
addressed:
Encourage communities to co-create additional
knowledge or views pertaining to issues being
addressed;
Shared application of knowledge and new
knowledge to address the issues of the
community and;
Participatory Development

Is a process through which stakeholders

influence and share control over
development initiatives and over the
decision and over the decisions and
resources that affect themselves
 Core Characteristics of
Participatory Development
 Cognitive– It generates
new ways of
understanding community
issues and problems
 Political– It capacitates
powerless
 Instrumental– It proposes
Majid Rahnema alternative solutions
SOCIAL EQUITY, GENDER
EQUALITY, AND
COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT
APPROACHES IN
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY PROFILING
 ETHNOGRAPHY AND
THE FIELD PRACTICUM
 ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN
THE FIELD PRACTICUM