BREEDING IN SELF POLLINATED CROPS

CREDIT SEMINAR
RUTU
2020A69M
[Link]. ( 2nd Year )
Dept. of Genetics and Plant breeding

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 Features of Self Pollinated Crops
Homozygosity
Inbreeding Depression
Heterosis
Development of high yielding varieties- Using Transgressive
segregants.
Development of hybrids- Using Heterosis

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 Plant breeding and why to do it ?

Domestication Selection

Genetic variation Genetic engineering

Hybridization

Polyploidy
Migration

Mutation Random
mating

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 Self pollinated crops vs Cross pollinated crops
• Self pollination(Autogamy) refers to Cross pollination(Allogamy) refers to
transfer of pollens from one flower transfer of pollen grains from on flower
on to the stigma of same flower. of a plant to the stigma of another flower
of different plant

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 Methods

Selection without hybridization

• Pure line selection & Mass selection (their modifications also)
Used for the development of inbred varieties
Selection after hybridization
• Bulk Method
• Pedigree Method Used for the development of new varieties

• Back cross method Used for the development of disease

resistant varieties 7
 DIFFERENT METHODS OF BREEDING
GENERAL METHODS SPECIAL METHODS
[Link] BREEDING
1. PLANT INTRODUCTION
2. MASS SELECTION [Link] BREEDING
3. PURELINE SELECTION
[Link] BREEDING
4. PEDIGREE METHOD
5. BULK METHOD 4. MOLECULAR BREEDING
6. BACKCROSS METHOD
7. SINGLE SEED DESCENT
8. OTHER MODIFICATIONS

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 CONVENTIONAL BREEDING PIPELINE
• .

SEED
INCREASE
CROSSING AND TESTING YEILD, AND
INBREEDING DISEASE, QUALITY RELEASE

3-7 YEARS 4-5 YEARS 1-3 YEARS

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 PLANT INTRODUCTION
• Plant introduction may involve new varieties of a crop already grown in an area, wild relatives of crop species
or totally new crop species for the area.
• They are of two types :
1. Primary introduction: Wheat variety :Sonora 64, Lerma Rojo
Rice variety : T.N.1 , IR8, IR28, IR36
2. Secondary introduction: Kalyan Sona and Sonalika

NBPGR functions as the central agency for export and introduction of

germplasm of economic importance .

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 Story behind Wheat Introduction
Not tasty

Lerma Rojo , Sonora 64

KALYAN SONA , SONALIKA

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 Invasion due to introduction

Argemone mexicana
Water hyacinth Coffee rust

Late blight of potato Potato tuber moth Eucalyptus

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 Mass Selection
• It refers to the method in which
individual plants are selected on the
basis of phenotype from mixed
population and their seeds are bulked
and used to grow for next generation.

• Applicable to both self and cross

pollinated crops.

• Uses : Improvement of local

varieties, Purification of existing
varieties.
Mass selection is man's oldest plant breeding method. It was used
10,000 years ago to gradually change weedy grasses into the cereals—
grain crops that today supply three-fourths of man's energy and over
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GENERAL PROCEDURE OF MASS SELECTION

MIXED POPULATIONS

SECOND GENERATION
AFTER 7-8
• .
GENERATIONS

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 Mass selection

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 Pure line selection
• A pure line is a progeny of single homozygous self pollinated plant.
• In Pure line selection, a large number of plants are selected from a self
pollinated crops and harvested individually , individual plant progenies are
then evaluated and the best progeny is released as a pure line variety.

The variation in pure line is purely environmental

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 PURELINE THEORY
Phaseolus vulgaris
• .

Progenies were grown from

individual seeds

Line number : 1 13 19
Mean seed weight(mg) 640 450 350

Selection within
lines

Mean seed weight(mg) 645 450 355 Wilhelm Johannsen

Genetic basis of pure
line theory ( 1903)
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1st YEAR 200-3000 Plants are selected for 4th -6th year
superior phenotype Coordinated yield trials
Disease and quality tests

(desi or old variety, mix of purelines)

Individual plant progenies are

2 year
nd
grown
Inferior plants discarded 7th year Progeny superior to check
variety is released as a variety
Seed multiplication is done

Preliminary trials are conducted

3 year
rd
Inferior progenies discarded

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 Application of Pure line selection Achievements

Improvement of local varieties. Wheat : NP4, NP6

Mung bean : T1 and B1
Selection in introduced varieties. Cotton : Cambodia coimbatore 2, Gadag 1
Tobacco : Chatham, keliu49
Improvement of old pure line Linseed : Chambal
varieties.

Selection of new characteristics in

a pureline

MS PURELINE SELECTION
Gadag 1
G. hirsutum from U.S.A Dharwar American

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 PEDIGREE METHOD
• Pedigree method is method of handling
Achievements
segregating generations • Wheat : NP series, KRL1-4( Kharchia
• A detailed description of the present day 65 X WL 711)
pedigree method was outlined by Love(1927)
with a view to handle segregating generations. • Rice: Jaya and Padma ( TN1 X TN141),
Bala , Krishna, Cauveri, Pusa Basmati 1

Selection starts from F2 • Cotton : laxmi ( Gadag 1 X Combodia

Individual plant selection starts from Coimbatore 2)
F3
• Tomato : Pusa Early Dwarf( Meeruti X
Red cloud)

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 Selected parents Individual plant progenies planted in multi
1ST Year 6th Year
were crossed F5 row plots
Superior plant selected from superior
progenies
2nd Year 10-30 seeds are space Individual plant progenies planted in multi
F1 planted, harvested in bulk 7th Year
row plots or PYT may be conducted
F6

2000-10000 Plants space

3rd Year planted
Preliminary trials are conducted
F2 100-500 plants selected 8 year
rd
Quality tests
F7
Individual plant progenies 9th -11th year
4th Year Coordinated yield trials
space planted
F3 F8-F10 Disease and quality tests
Superior plants selected

Individual plant progenies

5th
Year space planted 12th year
F4 Superior plants selected Seed multiplication is done

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 Modifications of Pedigree method
 Bulk pedigree method : The basic tenet of this method is to carry forward F2 plants as
random bulk of each family till later generations where standard pedigree method
can be started. It is also called mass pedigree method of Harrington(1937)

 Pedigree trial method : It is given by Lupton and Whitehouse (1957). It provides a

combination of yield trials and pedigree selection.

 Pureline family method : it is a two step prolonged system in which the first step
involves identification of promising F2 plants from which then extensive selections
are conducted

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 CR DHAN 307(Maudamani)
Parentage & details of pedigree :
Dandi/Naveen/Dandi

Developing agency : CRRI, Cuttack

Developed by : [Link] [Link], [Link] Barik

It exhibit moderately tolerance reaction to disease like

Leaf Blast,Neack blast and Brown Spot

Yield potential : 4800 q/ha

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 BULK SELECTION
• It was first used by Nilsson-Ehle (1908) to combine winter hardiness and high yield in wheat.

• In this method , F2 and subsequent generations are harvested in mass or as bulk without any artificial
selection till it reaches a certain level of homozygosity. At the end of bulking period individual plant
selection are done and evaluated in same manner as pedigree selection.

• Duration of bulking may vary from 6-7 to 30 generations.

Applications
ACHIEVEMENTS : BARLEY : Composite Isolation of homozygous lines.
cross II
Brassica juncea : Narendra Rai
Waiting for the opportunity to
selection.
Opportunity for natural selection.

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 Selected parents 8th Year F7 seeds are space planted
1ST Year
were crossed Superior plants selected
F7
Seeds harvested separately

2nd Year F1 seeds are space planted,

Individual plant progenies
F1 harvested in bulk 9th Year
space planted
F8 Superior plants selected
F2 Plants commercial seed
3rd Year
rate ,harvested plants selected
F2 Preliminary trials are conducted
10 th
year Quality tests
F9
As in F2
4th -7th
Year
F3 –F6 11th -12th year Coordinated yield trials
F10-F12 Disease and quality tests

(NATURAL SELECTION ACTS)

13th year
Seed multiplication is done
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 BACKCROSS METHOD
Hybridization
• In backcross method ,the hybrid Non recurrent parent
recurrent parent
and the progenies in subsequent aa X AA
generations is repeatedly
F1 Aa X AA
backcrossed to one of the parents
of the F1. BC1 Aa(50%), AA(50%) X AA

BC2 Aa(25%), AA(75%) X AA

• Example : wheat variety Malviya
12, became susceptible to leaf BC3 Aa( 12.5), AA(87.5) X
rust. This is recipient variety. It AA
…
is crossed to leaf rust resistant …
variety , the donor parent : …
sparrow. BC7 Aa(0.781), AA(99.218%)
Increased similarity with the recurrent parent
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.
 .

Wheat
Malviya 12
susceptible to stem
rust was
backcrossed with
Sparrow
Sugarcane
Nobilization of
Examples canes

Rice Colodo(lady Wright

• .
X coloro) for grain
size

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 Marker assisted backcross breeding
• Donor parent : Swarna- sub1
• Recipient parent : Maudamani
• Location : NRRI, Cuttack
• QTLs involved : SCM2, GW5
• Duration of experiment : 2014-2019
• Lines constituted :MSS 128-102-
97-117, MSS128-102-97-601,
MSS128-102-97-613, and MSS128-
102-97-617

(Pandit et al.,2021)
Percent plant regenerated in the pyramided lines carrying Sub1 QTL along with the parents
under control screening facility after one week of de-submergence from 14 days of
submergence stress.
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 GENETIC CONSEQUENCES APPLICATIONS

• Reduction in Inter-varietal transfer of simple inherited

heterozygosity. characters.
Inter-varietal transfer of quantitative characters
• Increased similarity with Interspecific transfer of simply inherited
recurrent parent characters.
Transfer of cytoplasm.
Recovery of transgressive segregrants
• Opportunity for breaking Production of NILs
undesirable linkages Germplasm conversion

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 Transfer of Dominant gene
Variety B is rust resistant , variety 9TH Year Individual plant progenies
1ST Year
A is rust susceptible grown
BC6F2
Selection for rust resistance
A(RR) B(rr) and plant type A
F1 is backcrossed with recurrent
2nd Year F1 Rr X rr parent 10TH Year Individual plant progenies
BC6F3 grown
Selection for
HOMOGENOUS rust
Rust resistance plant similar to
3 Year
rd
BC1 resistance and plant type A
Rr X rr variety A selected.
Selected plants are backcrossed
with recurrent parent A Replicated yield trials
are conducted with
11TH Year recurrent parent as
check
4th -8th Year BC6 Rr X rr As in BC2

12th year
Seed multiplication is done

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 Modifications of Backcross method

• Production of F2 and F3 : rigid selection by producing F2 and F3 generations after

every 2-3 backcrosses can be effective in transferring both dominant and recessive
characters .
• Use of different recurrent parents : Nobilisation of canes : [Link] were first
crossed with Indian cane (S. barberi). The resulting hybrids were backcrossed to
different varieties of noble canes .
• Backcross-pedigree method : In this method the hybrid is backcrossed 1-2 times to
recurrent parent and the backcross progeny are then handled according to pedigree
method .
This type of method is used for wheat programme of CIMMYT, Mexico

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 Single Seed Descent
The idea of single seed descent is originally
suggested by Goulden in 1939 and
subsequently modified by Brim in 1966.
Merits
Advances the generation with maximum possible
It is a method of rapid generation advance speed in conventional term.
where the main theme is to carry forward Requires little space, effort and labour
maximum number of F2 plants to a stage of Makes best use of green house and nursery facilities.
Retains the rapid homozygosity
sufficient homozygosity by taking only one
seed from each plant while going from one
Demerits
generation to other .
Plant loss
No selection in segregating generation

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 Selected parents 6th Year AS in F3
1ST Year
were crossed F5

F6 space planted
2nd Year F1 seeds are space 7
rd
Year 100-500 superior plants with
F1 planted, harvested in bulk F6 desirable characters harvested
separately

F2 Plants densely 8th Year Individual plant progenies

3 rd
Year planted ,harvested plants Desirable homogenous progenies
F2 F7 harvested in bulk
selected

9th year Preliminary trials are conducted

F3 densely planted Quality tests
4th Year From each plant ,one random F8

F3 seed selected and bulked 10th -12th year Coordinated yield trials
F9-F11 Disease and quality tests

5th Year
As in F3
F4
Seed multiplication is done
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 Comparative analysis between bulk and ssd
Three lentil (Lens culinaris MEDIC.) populations were advanced
from the F2 to the F4 generation by single seed-descent (SSD) and
bulk-population (BP) breeding methods.

Characters under study : plant height , days to maturity,

yield in population , height of lowest pod in
population, days to blooming, yield .

Lentil
Genetic variances were significantly higher with SSD for
Haddad, N.I., Muehlbauer, F.J. Comparison of
random bulk population and single-seed-descent plant height, days to maturity and yield in population height
methods for lentil breeding. Euphytica 30, 643– of lowest pod in population and days to blooming, height of
651 (1981) lowest pod and yield in population .

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 .
SHUTTLE BREEDING : It uses diverse ecological SPEED BREEDING: the technique which involves extending
environments to develop improved varieties with photo period and controlled conditions such as temperature, soil
higher adaptability. media, spacing in glass houses enabling rapid generation advance
by shortening breeding cycle.

Ortiz, R., Trethowan, R., Ferrara, G.O. et al. High yield

potential, shuttle breeding, genetic diversity, and a new
international wheat improvement
strategy. Euphytica 157, 365–384 (2007).

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 MULTILINE VARIETY(Mixture of many pure lines)
Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source 4
Backcross 1 Backcross 2 Backcross 3 Backcross 4

6-8 years
Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 Gene 4
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 ……………. Line n

Uniform in all aspects except for disease resistant genes

WHEAT : KSML3(8*) , MLKS1(8*),

KML7406(9*) : RELEASED IN INDIA
TUMULT(NETHERLANDS)
Mix
Mix Seed
Seed in
in equal
equal quantities
quantities MIRAMAR(COLOMBIAN
VARIETY)
MULTILINE VARIETY * : Refers to component lines
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 Approach to Create Viability in Self Pollinated Crops
• Breeding methods for self
pollinated crops generally uses
variability present already in
population, or that created Rapid population approach like
through hybridization or is DOUBLE HAPLOID
backcrossed to desirable parent.
• In order to create more variability Population approach
or revive transgressive
segregrants. Hybrid breeding

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 DIALLEL SELECTIVE MATING
Parent diallel series (P1) Parent diallel series (P2) First selective Mating series

Diallel mating among

parents

F1s Diallel mating among F1s

Mass selection

F2 bulk F1s
Mass selection

F3 F2 bulk Selected F2 Plants intermated

F4 F3 F1s
Mass selection

F5 Line selection F2 bulk

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 Hybrid breeding

A total of 50 hybrids are H4 PRH10

developed using CGMS AK32A(CGMS LINE) APRH-1
System . VARALAXMI APRH-2
Eg. CSH1, CSH2, CSH3,
CSH4, CSH5, CSH6

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 CASE STUDY

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 Materials and Methods

• CROSSES INVOLVED : 7 crosses ( SL52 X AGS 328, X SL 794, SL 525 Z IC 391477, SL 525 X LSB
23(SL744 X SL682) X AGS 752, SL525 X ( AGS328 X SL682) X AGS 72, SL744 X (SL 525 X AGS
328), SL 783 X SL 871, SL 755 X SL 794, SL 525 X IC 391477, SL 525 X LSB 23)
• LOCATION : PAU, Ludhiana
• DESIGN : RBD
• REPLICATION : 3
• DURATION OF EXPERIMENT : 2009-2016
• ROW TO ROW DISTANCE : 45cm
• PLANT TO PLANT DISTANCE : 5cm
• BREEDING METHODS INVOLVED : Pedigree method, Bulk method, Single pod descent with
selection(SDPS), Single pod descent (SDP)
• CHARACTERS UNDER STUDY : Number of pods per plant, grain yield
 Results and Discussion
Selection Year Pods per plant
method
Cross 1 Cross 2 Cross 3 Cross 4 Cross 5 Cross 6 Cross 7

PM* 2015 70.3 79.4 51.6 71.8 86.4 77.3 70.3

2016 109.7 133.3 88.9 131.7 132.8 103.4 83.9
Mean 90.0 106.4 70.3 101.7 109.6 90.3 77.1
SPDS 2015 58.2 77.6 60.2 62.1 82.6 60.9 58.2
2016 69.4 92.7 92.0 77.8 124.4 79.3 65.6
Mean 63.8 85.2 76.1 70.0 103.5 70.1 61.9
SPD 2015 58.7 48.8 51.3 70.9 73.0 65.1 58.7
2016 79.5 62.7 80.4 121.8 112.0 81.6 77.9
Mean 69.1 55.7 65.8 96.4 92.5 73.4 68.3
BM 2015 69.1 74.3 70.1 80.2 84.0 76.8 69.1
2016 108.7 106.6 106.6 133.4 147.4 94.1 82.1
Mean 88.9 90.5 88.4 106.8 115.7 85.4 75.6
 Results and Discussion
Selection Year Grain Yield (g/plant)
method
Cross 1 Cross 2 Cross 3 Cross 4 Cross 5 Cross 6 Cross 7

PM* 2015 9.7 14.9 10.0 15.0 15.9 14.2 15.4

2016 18.4 23.5 21.0 28.2 24.0 22.0 22.1
Mean 14.1 19.2 15.5 21.6 20.0 18.1 18.8
SPDS 2015 9.6 14.3 10.8 10.6 13.9 9.9 12.1
2016 10.9 17.3 19.8 14.4 20.7 16.5 14.8
Mean 10.3 15.8 15.3 12.5 17.3 13.2 13.5
SPD 2015 9.5 8.9 9.7 13.4 12.0 13.2 11.9
2016 13.9 13.0 18.1 19.9 20.9 19.7 16.8
Mean 11.7 11.0 13.9 16.7 16.4 16.5 14.3
BM 2015 14.6 15.5 14.1 18.9 17.6 14.6 15.0
2016 21.8 19.6 24.9 30.9 28.6 19.0 20.3
Mean 18.2 17.6 19.5 24.9 23.1 16.8 17.7
Check mean 10.6 13.4 15.5 14.7 17.6 14.4 15.1
Criteria Cross PM SPDS SPD BM

Ranking of breeding (SL 525 x AGS 328) x {(SL 744 x SL 682) x AGS 752} SL 525 x II IV III I
methods based on I III IV II
highest yielding line {(AGS 328 x SL 682) x AGS 752} III I IV II
SL 744 x (SL 525 x AGS 328)
SL 783 x SL 871 II IV III I
SL 755 x SL 794 IV II III I
III IV I II
Ranking of breeding SL 525 x IC 391477
methods based on SL 525 x Lsb 23 I III IV II
mean I IV III I
(SL 525 x AGS 328) x {(SL 744 x SL 682) x AGS 752} SL 525 x
of lines I III IV II
{(AGS 328 x SL 682) x AGS 752}
III IV I
SL 744 x (SL 525 x AGS 328)
IV III II
SL 783 x SL 871 I
III IV II
SL 755 x SL 794 II
IV III II
SL 525 x IC 391477 II
IV III
SL 525 x Lsb 23 II
I
 Discussion
• Overall, via PM progenies with highest mean for pods per plant were obtained in crosses 1, 2, 6 and 7
whereas, in crosses 3, 4 and 5, BM had the highest mean. Ahmed et al. (2008) also reported that progenies
derived by PM had higher mean for plant height and pods per plant.
• Juang and Lu (1991) reported that population resulting from the pedigree method had the highest plant
height, branches per plant and pods per plant.
• Comparison of means of the breeding methods for grain yield revealed that the BM was ranked first in four
crosses (SL 525 x AGS 328) x {(SL 744 x SL 682) x AGS 752}, SL 744 x (SL 525 x AGS 328), SL 783 x
SL 871 and SL 755 x SL 794) and second in the remaining three crosses. PM was ranked first in three
crosses (SL 525 x {(AGS 328 x SL 682) x AGS 752}, SL 525 x IC 391477 and SL 525 x Lsb 23) and
second in the remaining four crosses.
• In case of SPDS and SPD yield levels were low compared to check mean.
 Conclusion
• The bulk method is widely adopted due to its flexibility and the
possibility of postponing its completion when resources are limited, until
a more appropriate time, without influencing the genetic properties
• Palmer (1952) concluded that the pedigree method is preferable where
only a few genes of importance are segregating or where speed is
essential.
• Losses by sampling on opting SPD and SPDS methods, contribute to the
development of progenies with reduced genetic potential leading to
comparatively poor performance of its derived progenies, especially
compared to progenies derived via bulk method.

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 Thank you

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