SEMICONDUCTORS

Presenter: RHOY CALAG

JUNE ESCULTURA
 
Semiconductors are materials
which have conductivity
between conductors (generally
WHAT IS metals) and insulators.
A  A conductor is something
SEMICONDUCTOR
? which allows electricity to flow
through.
An insulator is what makes
electricity from not flowing.

Semiconductor has the ability
to control the flow of electrons.
Semiconductors can be pure
elements, such as silicon or
germanium, or compounds such
as gallium arsenide or cadmium
selenite. Semiconductors help to
transmit conductivity between
insulators and conductors. They
can be in natural forms or may
be a manufactured electronic.
 
Semiconductor is neither a good
insulator nor a very good conductor
of electric current. The electrical
conductivity of semiconductor
generally decreases strongly with
PROPERTI increasing temperatures, whereas
ES the resistivity of a metal generally
increases weakly with increasing
temperature. Solid conductors can
exist in the crystalline or
amorphous form.
  Electron– particle that has negative
charge located in the atomic
orbital/shell of an atom.
PROPERTI  Valence Electron– an electron of an
ES atom, located in the outermost shell
(valence shell) of the atom, that can be
transferred to or shared with another
atom.
 ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF
SEMICONDUCTORS
VALENCE BAND
 Valence band is the energy band that
comprises of valence electrons present in
the outermost shell of an atomic structure.
These valence electrons, when provided
with sufficient energy, get changed into
free electrons and moves to conduction
band thereby causing conductivity. It is
sometimes abbreviated as VB and is at a
lower energy level than the conduction
band in the energy level diagram.
VALENCE BAND
 These two bands are separated by a
certain amount of energy known as the
forbidden energy gap or Band Gap. This
energy gap depends on the type of
material, either the material is conductor,
insulator or semiconductor. As this band is
a lower energy state, therefore, by the
application of externally applied potential,
the electrons in this band moves out of it
and transfer towards the higher state so as
to allow conduction through the material
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS
 Also called an undoped
INTRINSIC semiconductor or i-type
SEMICONDU semiconductor, is a pure
CTORS semiconductor without any significant
dopant species present. In intrinsic
semiconductors the number of excited
electrons and the number of holes are
equal: n = p. In an intrinsic
semiconductor the number of
electrons in The conduction band is
equal to the number of holes in the
valence band
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTORS
 A semiconductor that has been
EXTRINSIC doped, that is, into which a doping
SEMICONDU agent has been introduced, giving it
CTOR different electrical properties than the
intrinsic (pure) semiconductor.
Dominant carrier concentrations in an
extrinsic semiconductor classify it as
either an n-type or p-type
semiconductor. The electrical
properties of extrinsic semiconductors
make them essential components of
many electronic devices.
DOPING
The process of adding impurities to intrinsic
semiconductors to alter their properties and
to improve the conductivity of the
semiconductor (the addition of non-silicon
material to semiconductor). The term
impurity is used to describe the doping
elements. This added impurity changes the
number of available free electron. Doping
process produces two groups of
semiconductor the negative charge
semiconductor (n-type) and the positive
charge semiconductor (p-type).
DOPING
Two element types are used for doping:
trivalent and pentavalent. A trivalent
element is one that has three valence
electrons. A pentavalent element is one
that has five valence electrons. When
trivalent atoms are added to intrinsic
semiconductors, the resulting material is
called a p type semiconductor material.
When pentavalent impurity atoms are used,
the resulting material is called an n-type
semiconductor material. The most commonly
used doping elements are listed below.
 TYPES OF DOPING
ACCEPTO  Acceptor Doping is the type of
R DOPING doping done by adding impurities
from Group 3 elements (such as
Aluminum and Germanium)
producing a p-type
semiconductor. In this case,
Group 3 elements are called
“Acceptor”
PLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTO
Semiconductors are the
foundation of modern day
electronics such as radio,
computers and mobile phones.
Semiconductor materials are
used in the manufacturing of
Diodes and electrical components and is
Transistors. used in electronic devices
such as transistors and diodes
PLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTO
Diodes
 A diode is a semiconductor
device that comprises of
single P-N junction and allows
the flow of current in only one
direction.
PLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTO
 PN junctions are usually formed
Diodes by joining p-type and n-type
semiconductors. When p-type
and n-type comes in contact
with each other the holes from
p-type diffuses to the n-type and
the electrons from the n-type
diffuses to the p-type
PLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTO
 When this diffusion occurs, the
Diodes flow of charges sets up an
electric field that starts to
hinder the flow of further
charge. This is where the
depletion layer is formed.
Depletion Layer is an area of
depleted charge carriers.
Diodes
 In Forward Bias set-up,
current is able to flow.
This happens when
voltage is applied such
that p-type area
becomes positive and n
type becomes negative.
This voltage will help
charge carriers to jump
across the depletion
layer.
Diodes
 In Reverse Bias set-up,
current will not flow. This
happens when voltage
applied is opposite to the
forward bias (negative to
p-type and positive to the
n-type. This increases the
width of the depletion
layer causing defletion of
charge carriers , hence no
current will flow
 TRANSISTOR
 Transistor is a three-layer
semiconductor device used in
amplifiers, digital switches,
computers, television, etc.
There are two types, the NPN
and PNP transistors.
TRANSISTOR
 NPN transistor is a type of
transistor in which n-type
semiconductor is sandwiched
between two p-type
semiconductors, hence the
name NPN. The majority charge
carriers are free electrons. In
this type of transistor, a
positive voltage is given to the
collector terminal to produce
current flow to the emitter..
TRANSISTOR
 PNP transistor is a type of
transistor in which a p-type
semiconductor is sandwiched
between two n-type
semiconductors, hence the
name PNP. The majority charge
carriers are holes. In this type
of transistor, a positive voltage
is given to the emitter terminal
to produce current flow from
the emitter to the collector.