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Chapter 1 Recap: Numbers
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IGCSE Mathematics 0580
Core & Extended
7 Quick-Fire Questions
Hover over each question to reveal the answer

1. Number Types: Is √2 a rational number?

2. Multiples: What is the 5th multiple of 6?

3. Factors: List all factors of 24.

4. Primes: Is 51 a prime number?

5. Powers/Roots: What is 2³ × 2²?

6. Directed Numbers: Calculate (-3) × (-4) + 2

7. Rounding: Round 3.1415 to 2 decimal places.

 Number Types
Integers
Positive and negative whole numbers, including zero.
Examples: -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be written as fractions (a/b where a, b are integers,
b≠0).
Examples: 1/2, 0.75, -3, 16/4

Classify These Numbers

Irrational Numbers
16/4 : Integer, Rational 2 : Integer, Rational, Prime
Numbers that cannot be written as fractions; non-terminating, non-
recurring decimals.
Examples: π, √2, √17 17 : Integer, Rational, Prime -5 : Integer, Rational

Prime Numbers
Numbers greater than 1 with exactly two factors: 1 and itself.
Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, ...
 Multiples & Factors
Multiples Factors
A multiple is the product of a number and any integer. A factor is a number that divides another number exactly (with no
remainder).
Example: Multiples of 6 up to 60
Example: Factors of 24
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
1 2 3 4 6 8 12 24
6 × 1, 6 × 2, 6 × 3, ..., 6 × 10

24 ÷ 1 = 24, 24 ÷ 2 = 12, 24 ÷ 3 = 8, 24 ÷ 4 = 6, 24 ÷ 6 = 4, 24 ÷ 8 = 3, 24 ÷ 12 = 2, 24
÷ 24 = 1
Finding Multiples:
Start with the number
Multiply by 1, 2, 3, etc. Finding Factors:
The resulting products are the multiples Start with 1 and the number itself
Check if smaller numbers divide exactly
If a ÷ b = c with no remainder, both b and c are factors
 LCM & HCF
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) Highest Common Factor (HCF)
The largest positive integer that divides two or more numbers without a
The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.
remainder.

Example: Find the LCM of 12 and 18 Example: Find the HCF of 12 and 18

Step 1: List the multiples of each number Step 1: List all factors of each number
Multiples of 12: 12 , 24, 36, 48 , 60, 72, ... Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Multiples of 18: 18, 36 , 54, 72, ... Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6 , 9, 18

Step 2: Find the smallest number that appears in both lists Step 2: Identify the common factors
Common multiples: 36 , 72, ... Common factors: 1, 2, 3, 6

Step 3: The LCM is 36 Step 3: The HCF is 6

12 24 36 48 60 72 1 2 3 4 6 12

18 36 54 72 1 2 3 6 9 18
 Prime Factorisation
Factor Tree for 84 Prime Factorisation
Writing a number as a product of its prime factors.
84
Standard Form:

84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
or
2 42
84 = 2² × 3 × 7

How to Find Prime Factors:

2 21
Start with the number at the top of the tree

Divide by the smallest prime factor

Continue dividing each non-prime result

3 7 Stop when all factors are prime numbers

Multiply all prime factors to verify your answer

Prime factors of 84: 2, 2, 3, 7

Verification: 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 84 ✓
 Powers & Roots
Powers (Exponents) Roots
A power represents repeated multiplication of the same number. A root is the inverse operation of a power.

Example: Example:

25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32 √49 = 7
Base = 2, Exponent = 5 Because 7 2 = 49

Power of 10: 10 3 = 1000 Cube root: ∛27 = 3 (because 3 3

= 27)
-3 3 4
Negative exponent: 2 = 1/2 = 1/8 = 0.125 Fourth root: ∜16 = 2 (because 2 = 16)

Quick Quiz: Simplify Quick Quiz: Simplify

10 2 = ? √64 = ?
 Directed Numbers
Rules for Operations

Addition
Same signs: Add the numbers, keep the sign

Different signs: Subtract the smaller from the larger, keep the sign of the larger

Subtraction
Change the sign of the second number and add
a - b = a + (-b)
Example 1: Addition

Multiplication (-4) + 7 = 3
Same signs: Result is positive
Step 1: Different signs, so subtract the smaller from the larger
Different signs: Result is negative
Step 2: |7| > |-4|, so 7 - 4 = 3
Step 3: Keep the sign of the larger number (positive)
Result: 3
Division
Same signs: Result is positive
Different signs: Result is negative
Example 2: Multiplication

(-5) × (-3) = 15
Step 1: Multiply the absolute values: 5 × 3 = 15
Step 2: Determine the sign: Same signs (both negative)
 Order of Operations (BIDMAS)
BIDMAS Rule Example: (-3)² + 4 ÷ 2 × 5
Step 1: Brackets
B I D M A S (-3)² + 4 ÷ 2 × 5
Calculate (-3)² = 9
B rackets I ndices (Powers) → 9 +4÷2×5
Calculate expressions inside brackets first Calculate powers and roots

D ivision M ultiplication Step 2: Indices (Powers)

Perform division operations Perform multiplication operations Already calculated in Step 1
A ddition S ubtraction
Perform addition operations Perform subtraction operations Step 3: Division and Multiplication (left to right)
9+4÷2×5
Note: Division and Multiplication have equal priority (left to right).
Addition and Subtraction have equal priority (left to right). 9 + 2 × 5 (4 ÷ 2 = 2)
9 + 10 (2 × 5 = 10)

Step 4: Addition and Subtraction (left to right)

9 + 10 = 19

Final Answer: 19

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

Forgetting to square negative numbers correctly
Performing operations in the wrong order
 Rounding (d.p. & s.f.)
Decimal Places (d.p.) Significant Figures (s.f.)
Rounding to a specific number of digits after the decimal point. Rounding to a specific number of meaningful digits, starting from the first
non-zero digit.
Rules for Decimal Places:

Identify the digit in the required decimal place Rules for Significant Figures:
Look at the next digit to the right Identify the first significant figure (first non-zero digit)
If it's 5 or more, round up Count the required number of significant figures
If it's 4 or less, round down Look at the next digit after the last significant figure
If it's 5 or more, round up; if 4 or less, round down

Example: Round 24.98063 to 2 decimal places

Example: Round 24.98063 to 3 significant figures
2 4 . 9 8 0 6 3
2 4 . 9 8 0 6 3
Step 1: Identify the digit in the 2nd decimal place (0)

Step 2: Look at the next digit to the right (6) Step 1: First significant figure is 2

Step 3: Since 6 > 5, round up Step 2: Count 3 significant figures (2, 4, 9)

Result: 24.98 (2 d.p.) Step 3: Next digit is 8

Step 4: Since 8 > 5, round up

Result: 25.0 (3 s.f.)

Remember:
 Guided Practice Problems
Example 1: Prime Factors & HCF Example 2: Order of Operations
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Find the prime factors of 84, then find the HCF of 84 and 126. Simplify: 3 + (-2) ×5

Step 1: Find prime factors of 84 Step 1: Apply BIDMAS - start with brackets and powers
3 + (-2) 2 × 5
84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
(-2) 2 = 4
3+ 4 ×5
84 = 2 2 × 3 × 7

Step 2: Multiplication before addition

Step 2: Find prime factors of 126
3+4×5
126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 3 + 20

126 = 2 × 3 2 × 7 Step 3: Perform addition

3 + 20 = 23
Step 3: Identify common prime factors
Common factors: 2, 3, 7
Final Answer: 23
Step 4: Take the minimum power of each common prime factor
HCF = 2 min(2,1) × 3 min(1,2) × 7 min(1,1)
HCF = 2 1 × 3 1 × 7 1 = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42
 Mini-Assessment
Test your understanding by answering these questions. Click the boxes to check off completed questions.

Number Types Prime Factorization

1. Classify √3 as rational or irrational. Explain your answer. 4. Write 90 as a product of its prime factors in index form.

Powers & Roots

Multiples & Factors 5. Evaluate 4⁻² × 8.

2. Find all the factors of 36.

BIDMAS

LCM & HCF 6. Calculate 24 ÷ (3 + 5) - 2².

3. Find the LCM of 15 and 20.

Self-Assessment:

Need More Practice Getting There Confident