INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT-1
Introduction to IOT
Definition and Characteristics of IoT – IoT Architectures-Challenges and Issues -
Physical Design of IoT, Logical Design of IoT - IoT Functional Blocks, Security.

[Link] Babu
History of IOT
•1999- The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton
during his work at P&G which became widely accepted
•2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the
Guardian, Boston Globe, and Scientific American
•2005-UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
published its first report on this topic.
•2008- The Internet of Things was born
•2011- Gartner, the market research company, include "The
Internet of Things" technology in their research
History of IoT
IoT Definition

• “The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing

devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.”
How IoT works?
• 1) Sensors/Devices
• 2) Connectivity
• 3) Data Processing
• 4)User Interface
 1) Sensors/Devices

• Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live
data from the surrounding environment.
• All this data may have various levels of complexities.
• It could be a simple temperature monitoring sensor, or it may be in
the form of the video feed.
 2) Connectivity
• All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure.
• The sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums
of communications.
• These communication mediums include mobile or satellite networks,
Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.
 3) Data Processing

• Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the software
performs processing on the gathered data.
• This process can be just checking the temperature, reading on devices
like AC or heaters.
• However, it can sometimes also be very complex like identifying
objects, using computer vision on video.
 4)User Interface

• The information needs to be available to the end-user in some

way which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or
sending them notification through email or text message.
• The user sometimes might need an interface which actively checks
their IoT system.
• For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He
wants to access video recording and all the feeds with the help of
a web server.
Why Is Internet of Things (IoT)
so important?
• Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important
technologies of the 21st century.
• Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars,
thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices,
seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and
things.
• By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and
mobile technologies, physical things can share and collect data with
minimal human intervention.
IoT Applications
Advantages of IoT
• Ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any
device;
• Improved communication between connected electronic devices;
• Transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and
money; and
• Automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's
services and reducing the need for human intervention.
Disadvantages IoT
• As the number of connected devices increases and more information
is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.
• Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers --
maybe even millions -- of IoT devices and collecting and managing the
data from all those devices will be challenging.
• If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device
will become corrupted.
• Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate
with each other.
 Characteristics of Internet of Things
• According to the definition of internet of things (IoT), there are lot of IoT devices
which are interconnected with each through internet. These devices sense the data
continuously from their environment. Sensed data can either share with each other
or transmitted on cloud server.
• IoT has various characteristics but most common are explained under, Major
Characteristics of the Internet of Things
• The major characteristics of IoT as follows. Let’s discuss it one by one.
1. Connectivity
2. Identity
3. Intelligence
4. Scalability
5. Dynamic and Self-Adapting
6. Architecture
7. Safety
1. Connectivity
• Connectivity is an important pillar of the IoT
infrastructure. IoT devices should be connected
regardless of their presence. Without connection,
nothing makes sense.
2. Identity
• Each IoT device has its unique identity. If it needs
to access the data from specific device, then its
identification element is very helpful.
3. Intelligence
• The extraction of data from the sensor devices is
very important. This data is only useful if it is
interpreted properly. IoT perform operations on
sensed data in such a way that the results are
useful for us. It is the intelligence property of IoT.
4. Scalability
• The number of IoT devices are increasing day by
day. Hence, the scalability of an IoT should be
enough that it can handle the massive traffic.
5. Dynamic and Self-Adapting
• IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves
according to situations. For example, a camera
can capture data according to light conditions. It
is shifted to night or day mode automatically. It is
self-Adapting technique.
6. Architecture
• IoT architecture should be hybrid, supporting
different manufacturers. So, it cannot be
homogeneous in nature. IoT is not the name of
any engineering branch. IoT comes to picture
when multiple domains come together.
7. Safety
• Safety should be the top priority. But in case of
IoT, Safety is big challenge because multiple
things are connected through internet. And
security at each node is a critical and tough task.
Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)
Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of
applications and use of Internet of Things is growing so
faster.

• Depending upon different application areas of Internet of

Things, it works accordingly as per it has been
designed/developed.

• it has not a standard defined architecture of working which

is strictly followed universally.

• The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and

3 layer IoT architecture :
Perception Layer :

• This perception layer is the IoT architecture’s physical

layer. In these sensors and embedded systems are
used mainly. These collect large amounts of data based
on the requirements. This also includes edge devices,
sensors, and actuators that communicate with the
surroundings. It detects certain spatial parameters or
detects other intelligent things /objects in the
surroundings
Network Layer :

• The data obtained by these devices must be distributed

and stored. This is the responsibility of the network
layer. It binds these intelligent objects to other
intelligent/ smart objects. It is also in charge of data
transfer. The network layer is in-charge of linking smart
objects, network devices, and servers. Its is also used to
distribute and analyze sensor data.
Application Layer :

• The user communicates with this application layer. It is

in-charge of providing the customer with software
resources. Example: in smart home application, where
users press a button in the app to switch on a coffee
machine, for example. The application layer is in-charge
of providing the customer with application-specific
resources. It specifies different uses for the IoT, such as
smart houses, smart cities, and smart health.
Four Layered IoT architecture
Four Layered IoT architecture
• The 4 layers present in the architecture that can be
divided as follows:

• Sensing Layer (Perception Layer)

• Network Layer
• Data processing Layer
• Application Layer
Sensing Layer –
• Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this
Sensing layer. These Sensors or Actuators accepts
data(physical/environmental parameters),
processes data and emits data over network.

• Sensors collects data from the environment or

object under measurement and turn it into useful
data.
For example: Moisture sensor, Temperature sensor.
Network Layer –
Internet/Network gateways, Data
Acquisition System (DAS) are present in
this layer.
• The data from the sensors are in analog
form. That data need to be aggregated
and converted into digital form using
DAS.
• The DAS connects to the sensor network
, aggregates outputs, and performs the
analog to digital conversion.
• The internet gateways receives the
aggregated and digitized data and
routes it over Wi-Fi, wired LANs, or the
Internet , to the Third layer for further
processing.
 Data processing Layer (Support
Layer)
• Pre-processing and enhanced analytics of the data is performed in the third stage
of
an IoT architecture. Edge IT systems are responsible for carrying out these tasks.

• IoT systems collect a significant amount of data and consequently require a lot of
bandwidth, these Edge IT systems perform a vital task in reducing the load on the
core IT infrastructure.

• Machine learning and visualization technologies are used by Edge IT systems to

generate results from the collected data.

• Insights are provided by machine learning algorithms while the visualization

technology presents the data in a way that's easy to understand.
Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture.

• The data needs to be stored for further in-depth analysis which is

why data storage is such an important stage of an IoT architecture.
It helps with follow-up revision for feedback as well. Cloud storage
is the preferred storage method in IoT implementations.

• Data centers or cloud is management stage of data where data is

managed and is used by end-user applications like agriculture,
health care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.
 FIVE Layered Architecture of IoT:
• When project work is done with various cutting-edge technologies and broad
application area, 5-layer architecture is considered as best.
Perception Layer :

• This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the

perception layer, number of sensors and actuators are
used to gather useful information like temperature,
moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc.

• The main function of this layer is to get information

from surroundings and to pass data to another layer so
that some actions can be done based on that
information.
Network Layer(Transport Layer) :

• As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer

between perception and middleware layer.
• It gets data from perception layer and passes data to
middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G,
4G, UTMS, WiFI, infrared, etc.
• This is also called communication layer because it is
responsible for communication between perception and
middleware layer. All the transfer of data done securely
keeping the obtained data confidential.
Middleware Layer:
• Middleware Layer has some advanced features like
storage, computation, processing, action taking
capabilities

• It stores all dataset and based on the device address

and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can
also take decisions based on calculations done on data
obtained from sensors.
Application Layer:

• The application layer manages all application process

based on information obtained from middleware layer.

• This application involves sending emails, activating

alarm, security system, turn on or off a device,
smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.
Business Layer:
• The success of any device does not depend only on
technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered
to its consumers. Business layer does these tasks for
the device.

• It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of

results, and how device can be improved, etc.
Six Layered IoT architecture
Cloud Computing Architecture

For this topic please refer notes

Challenges in Internet of things
(IoT)

For this topic refer notes

Mobility:

• Most of the IoT devices are mobile and hence they have
a dynamic topology. Their IP address change based on
the network and location. Routing protocols need to be
adaptive to the changes in the network topology. If the
mobility results in change of the service provider, the
complexity further increases.
Reliability:

• IoT applications require devices to be more reliable and

should respond to the changing environment rapidly
and should communicate reliably. This is very crucial as
a wrong information can lead to disastrous scenarios.
Scalability:

• The scalability is the biggest challenge in IoT network.

As the number of connected devices in the network
increases, managing the devices and their distribution
becomes difficult. Accommodating services to the newly
joined devices is also a tedious task.
Management:

• Management involves Faults, Configuration, Accounting,

Performance and Security (FCAPS) aspects of all the
devices.
Availability:

• Availability is another factor of prime importance. The

device should be available both in terms of software
(services provided) and hardware (accessibility to other
devices, compatibility with existing IoT functionalities
and protocols)
Interoperability:

• Heterogeneity is the key attribute to the IoT network.

With devices with different hardware platforms,
operating systems, interoperability is the major issue of
concern in IoT.
Physical Design
Things (IOT) of Internet of
Physical Design
Things (IOT) of Internet of

• Things/Devices are called Node Devices and every

device has a unique identity that performs remote
sensing, actuating, and monitoring work.

• The protocols that are used to establish communication

between the Node devices and servers over the
internet.
Things/Devices

Fig: Block diagram of an IoT Device

Connectivity

• Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for

connectivity between the devices and the server.
Processor

• A processor like a CPU and other units are used to

process the data. these data are further used to
improve the decision quality of an IoT system.
Audio/Video Interfaces

• An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to

record audio and videos in a system.

HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface

Input / Output interface

• To give input and output signals to sensors, and

actuators we use things like UART, I2C, SPI, CAN, etc.

UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
CAN – Controller Area Network
I2C – Inter Integrated Circuit
Storage Interfaces
• Things like SD, MMC, and SDIO are used to store the
data generated from an IoT device.
The Secure Digital Input Output (SDIO) is a communication interface that
allows devices to connect to an SD card and exchange data

• Other things like DDR and GPU are used to control the
activity of an IoT system.

MMC – Multi Media Card

DDR – Double Data Rate
GPU – Graphics Processing Unit
IoT Protocols
Application Layer protocol

• In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent

over the network with the lower layer protocols using
the application interface. these protocols include HTTP,
WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.
HTTP

• Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in

an application layer for transmitting media documents.
• it is used to communicate between web browsers and
servers.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and
transporting information between a client (such as a web browser)
and a web server. HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of
information across the Internet.
WebSocket

• This protocol enables two-way communication between a

client and a host .This protocol is commonly used by web
browsers.
• It’s a one-to-many form of communication that’s ideal for a variety
of realtime use cases
• You can use the WebSocket technology to power realtime
communication for various types of apps and use cases.
Ex: Live chat
Data Broadcast
MQTT

• Message Queuing Telemetry Transport is a lightweight

messaging protocol. It uses publish-subscribe
communication way and that’s why it is used for M2M
(machine to machine) communication.
• It is based on TCP-IP protocol and is designed to operate
in limited bandwidth. In the protocol terminology, the
limited network bandwidth is referred as ‘small code
footprint’.
Transport Layer protocol

• This layer is used to control the flow of data segments

and handle the error control. also, these layer protocols
provide end-to-end message transfer capability
independent of the underlying network.
TCP

• The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to

establish and maintain a network that can exchange data in a proper
manner using the internet protocol.
• It is suitable for reliable communication because in this protocol
acknowledgment is received when the client sends the packet to the
server via TCP protocol. The data must be guaranteed sent at the other
end if the packet is sent via TCP protocol.
• The protocol operates in three phases – Connection establishment,
data transfer and connection close. A TCP connection is managed by an
internet socket which lying at the end point (physical) undergoes
various state changes.
UDP

• User Datagram Protocol is a connection less protocol and

is not reliable for guaranteed transmission of data.
• UDP protocol is a best protocol to send data to the server
when packet loss during transmission of the data can be
afforded.
• UDP protocol is a lightweight protocol and is suitable for
wireless sensor network communication. UDP is often
used in applications specially tuned for real-time
performance.
Network Layer protocol

• This layer is used to send datagrams from the source

network to the destination network. we use IPv4 and
IPv6 protocols as host identification that transfers data
in packets.
IPv4

• This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each
device connected to the network.
• IPv4 addresses are expressed as dotted decimal numbers. The address consist of
four octets (32-bit number) divided into two parts – network address to uniquely
identify a TCP-IP or IOT network and host address to identify host within the
identified network.
• A subnet mask is used along with the 32-bit IP address to uniquely identify a
host (computer or IOT device). The subnet mask helps in identifying the exact
location of the host device. The routers extract the network address from the
IPv4 address and compare it with a route table to identify the network and the
data packet is first delivered to the target network. Then, the subnet mask is
used to uniquely identify the host and deliver the data packet to the host device.
IPv6

• It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address.

• The address space in IPv4 is limited to roughly 4.3 billion devices. There
will be 20 billion IOT devices alone by the year 2020. So, an IP
addressing standard that would be scalable to cater to the future IOT
infrastructure was the need of the time.
• Compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4, there are 128-bit addresses in
IPv6. The address is divided into eight 16-bit blocks where each block
can be represented by a 4-digit hexadecimal number. each block in the
IPv6 address is separated by a semi-colon. So, a typical IPv6 address
would look like 77AD:45DF:A23D:8:2D:76DF:245:AF. There are eight
blocks in the address – 77AD, 45DF, A23D, 8, 2D, 76DF, 245 and AF.
6LoWPAN
• IPv6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) is an
IPv6 standard based network layer protocol for Wireless Personal
Area Networks.
• This protocol is a modified version of IPv6 with intention to
implement Internet protocol to each and every devices
(constrained devices as well as large devices) and the low power
devices with limited capabilities like less memory, lossy network
etc.
• 6LoWPAN networks connect to the Internet via a gateway (WiFi or
Ethernet), which does some process for protocol conversion so
that device can communicate with Internet.
Link Layer protocol

• Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the

network's physical layer. it also determines how the
packets are coded and signaled by the devices.
Link Layer Protocols:
Ethernet Wifi WiMax LR-WPAN LTE
About • Collection of wired - Collection Collection •Collection of -Different
Ethernet standard of wireless of wireless standard low rate generations
• Standard for LAN broadband wireless of mobile
10BASEE5 Ethernet (WLAN) standards personal area communicati
networks (LR- on standards
WPANS)
•Forms the basis
for high level
communication
protocols ->
zigbee
Variants •802.3.i 10BASE-T •802.11a (5Hz) 2G:
copper twisted pair •802.11b(2.4 GSM/CDM
•802.3.j 10BASE-F GHz) A
fibre Optic •802.11g(2.4) 3G:UMTS
•[Link]:10GB/ •802.11n (2.4/5 4G:LTE
Ethernet GHz)
over fibre •802.11ac(5 GHz)
•802.11ad
(60GHz)
Data Rate 10Mb/s to 40Gb/s 1Mb/s to 6.75 1.5 Mb/s to 1 40Kb/s to 250 Kb/s 2G:
Gb/s Gb/s 9.6Kb/s
Upto
4G:100
Mb/s
Ethernet

• It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used

primarily in LANs.
• It is based on IEEE 802.3 standard. Within an IOT
system, Ethernet can be used to connect stationary or
fixed IOT devices. Like, it can be used to connect sensor
networks in an industry, appliance control circuits in a
home automation system or IOT devices in an office
automation system.
WiFi

• WiFi is a local area network which is a wireless network

there is no wired connection. It is Proposed by Wi-Fi
Alliance.
• WiFi provides Internet access to devices within a range
of 60 feet to 100 feet. It uses high-frequency radio
signals for sending and receiving data.
• It uses the IEEE 802.11 standard. Its data rate varies
from 2Mbps to 1.73Gbps.
Logical Design IOT
IoT Functional blocks
Devices
• provides sensing and monitoring control functions
that collect data from the outer environment.

• Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that
use by users to view the status and analyze of
system.
• Management
This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT
system.

• Services
This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a
device and publishing and deleting the data and restoring the system.

• Communication
This block handles the communication between the client and the cloud-based
server and sends/receives the data using protocols.

• Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like authorization,
data security, authentication, 2-step verification, etc.
IoT Communication Models
• There are several different types of models
available in an IoT system that is used to
communicate between the system and server
like the request-response model, publish-
subscribe model, push-pull model, exclusive pair
model, etc.
Request-Response Communication
Model
Publish-Subscribe Communication
Model
Push-Pull Communication Model
Exclusive Pair Communication Model
IoT communication APIs
• These APIs like REST and WebSocket are used to communicate
between the server and system in IoT.
REST-based communication APIs
• REST stands for REpresentational State Transfer. It’s an architectural
style for developing web services. A lot of people believe that REST
is one of many IoT protocols. However, REST itself is a development
concept, not an IoT protocol
• The components may include:
• Files
• Objects
• Media

RESTful web services can use normal HTTP command verbs like
POST, DELETE, PUT, and GET to make requests and interact with the
components listed above.
• Client-server
Here the client is not aware of the storage of data because it is concerned
about the server and similarly the server should not be concerned about
the user interface because it is a concern of the client. and this separation
is needed for independent development and updating of server and
client. no matter how the client is using the response of the server and no
matter how the server is using the request of the client.

• Stateless
It means each request from the client to the server must contain all the
necessary information to understand by the server. because if the server
can't understand the request of the client, then it can't fetch the request
data in a proper manner.
Cache-able
• In response, if the cache constraints are given then a client can
reuse that response in a later request. it improves the
efficiency and scalability of the system without loading the
extra data.
WebSocket based communication API

• This type of API allows bi-directional full-duplex communication between

server and client using the exclusive pair communication model.
• This API uses full-duplex communication, so it does not require a new
connection setup every time when it requests new data.
• WebSocket API begins with a connection setup between the server and
client and if the WebSocket is supported by the server then it responds back
to the client with the successful response after the setup of a connection
server and the client can send data to each other in full-duplex mode.
• This type of API reduces the traffic and latency of data and makes sure that
each time when we request new data it cannot terminate the request.