Phy 443
Tolu Akinola
Quantum Emulators
Bridging Theory and Practical Quantum Computing
Feynman’s Vision: “Nature isn’t classical, dammit, and if you
want to make a simulation of nature, you’d better make it
What is QUANTUM COMPUTING ?
Quantum computing is an area of computer science that
uses the principles of quantum theory. Quantum theory
explains the behavior of energy and material on the
atomic and subatomic levels.
Quantum computing uses subatomic particles, such as
electrons or photons. Quantum computing has the
capability to sift through huge numbers of possibilities
and extract potential solutions to complex problems and
challenges. Where classical computers store information
as bits with either 0s or 1s, quantum computers use
qubits
What are QUANTUM Emulator’s ?
The term quantum emulator can have different specific
meanings in different contexts. But in general it refers to
using classical computation to mimic or approximate the
results of an actual quantum computer. Quantum emulators
leverage things like GPUs, clusters of specialized classical
hardware, parallel computing frameworks like CUDA etc
to simulate the working of quantum algorithms. But they
do not use actual quantum phenomena or qubits. Think of
them as software versions of quantum computers running
on classical hardware. Their accuracy is inherently limited
compared to real quantum computers due to not exploiting
effects like entanglement.
What are QUANTUM SIMULATOR’s ?
Quantum simulators are devices that
actively use quantum effects to answer
questions about model systems and,
through them, real systems.
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS
Features of Quantum Computing
DECOHERENCE EXPONENTIAL
SUPERPOSITION ENTANGLEMENT
SPEEDUP
According to IBM, it's Entanglement it is Decoherence occurs when Quantum computers have
what a qubit can do rather integral to quantum the quantum behavior of the potential to provide
than what it is that's computing power. Pairs of qubits decays. The quantum exponential speedup for
remarkable. A qubit places qubits can be made to state can be disturbed specific problems. For
the quantum information become entangled. This instantly by vibrations example, they can
that it contains into a state means that the two qubits temperature changes. efficiently factor large
superposition. then exist in a single state. numbers.
QUANTUM COMPUTERS IN
DEVELOPMENT
GOOGLE is spending billions of dollars to build
1 its quantum computer by 2029. The company opened
a campus in California called Google AI to help it
meet this goal.
2 IBM plans to have a 1,000-qubit quantum computer
in place by 2026. For now, IBM allows access to its
machines for those research organizations.
3
MICROSOFT offers companies access to
quantum technology via the Azure Quantum
platform.
4 OTHERS There’s interest in quantum computing
and its technology from financial services firms such
as JPMorgan Chase and Visa.
APPLICATIONS OF
QUANTUM COMPUTING
Machine Learning and AI
Environmental Impact Traffic and Transportation
Cryptography and Security Optimization Problems
Three types of Quantum computing
Quantum computing encompasses several different types of technologies and platforms that
leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computational tasks. Here are some of the
main types of quantum computing:
Superconducting Trapped Ion Quantum Topological Qubits
Qubits Computers
Superconducting qubits are Trapped ion quantum computers Topological qubits are a
one of the most widely used use ions (usually trapped in relatively new approach to
types of qubits in quantum electromagnetic fields) as qubits. quantum computing. They are
computing. They are tiny These qubits are manipulated based on the concept of
circuits made from using lasers. Companies like Ion topological quantum states that
superconducting materials that and Honeywell are actively are highly robust against
can carry electrical current working. errors.
1 2 3
Quantum Computing in Industry
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize various industries by offering the capability to
solve complex problems much faster than classical computers.
FINANCE AND RISK SUPPLY CHAIN AND Pharmaceuticals and
ANALYSIS LOGISTICS Drug Discovery
Quantum computing optimizes Quantum algorithms streamline route Quantum simulations accelerate drug
portfolios pricing derivatives, enabling planning, inventory management, and discovery by modeling molecular
risk assessment. demand forecasting for cost savings. interactions..
How do Quantum Computers
work
Superpositio Quantum
n Gates
Quantum Quantum
Entanglemen
t Computers Algorithms
Quantum Measurement
Gates
Quantum Computing vs. Classical
Computing
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
• Uses qubits that can exist in a superposition of states, • Uses classical bits (0 or 1) as the fundamental unit of information.
representing both 0 and 1 simultaneously.
• Operates on classical bits using logic gates that manipulate bits
• Utilizes quantum gates to manipulate qubits, exploiting based on Boolean logic.
superposition and entanglement properties.
• Does not have a superposition property; each bit is in either state
• Leverages superposition, allowing qubits to represent 0 or 1.
multiple states simultaneously.
• Classical bits are independent and not entangled with each other.
• Qubits can become entangled, where the state of one qubit
depends on the state of another, even when separated.
What are the applications of quantum computing ?
Simulation
1 The quantum computer is able to crunch enormous data, which includes molecular activity in one being. This ability enables
the computer to create very accurate simulations of real life events, such as photosynthesis.
Optimization
2 Instead of calculating a problem at a time, this computing approach solves various probabilities. Through such a system, you can see
how each option can provide the most advantages. Thus, you can optimize that option
Cryptography
3 Cryptography involves difficult mathematical problems such as discrete algorithms and integer factorization. These problems
take a long time to solve. However, a computer with quantum principles can do it quickly
Data search
4 Although the conventional computer has evolved so much over the past decades, data search still takes too long sometimes.
Quantum principles are capable of speeding up this data search process, especially if the search is unstructured.
Advantages of quantum
computing ?
It speeds up data
solving optimization
processing time
problems
It can crunch a large It is more money used to simulate
amount of data efficient in the long quantum systems
run
Quantum computing tools
Cirq Qiskit Quantum simulators
Various quantum simulators are
Google's Cirq is an open-source Developed by IBM, Qiskit is an open-
available for simulating quantum
quantum programming framework that source quantum computing framework
circuits on classical hardware. These
provides tools for creating, editing, that allows you to create and run
include the simulators included in
and running quantum circuits. It's quantum circuits, access quantum
Qiskit and Cirq, as standalone tools
designed for use with Google's hardware, and develop quantum
like the Quantum Development Kit
quantum processors. algorithms.
from Microsoft.
Tools and Frameworks
High-Performance Emulation Platforms
JUQCS: 48-qubit emulation, verified Google’s quantum supremacy
Atos QLM: Multi-paradigm support (gate/annealing)
Quantinuum Emulators: Noise modeling for error mitigation
GPU Acceleration:
LUMI supercomputer achieves 1.4 exaflops for hybrid workflows
Quantum Computing over the years at a
Glance
2000 Yuri Manin & Richard Feynman forces the thought of Quantum Computing
2012 Shor's algorithm to discover prime components
2014 Grover search algorithm made huge interest in Quantum
2016 First operating two-qubit quantum Computer model
2018 D-Wave launched first quantum computer officially
2020 IBM released a quantum platform for application development
Quantum Computing over the years at a
Glance
2021 IBM Quantum broke the 100-qubit processor barrier & Enhanced quantum execution speed by
100x with Qiskit Runtime
2022 IBM broughtcircutis to unlock more computations
2023 IBM enhanced quantum execution speed by 5x with quantum serverless and execution modes
2024 IBM improved quantum circuit quality and speed to allow 5k gates with parametric circuits
2025 IBM is currently enhancing quantum execution speed and parallelization with partitioning and quantum modularity
2026 -
IBM plans to improve quantum circuit quality to allow gates from 7.5k upward
Future
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING