1.
1 Introduction to First Aid
• First aid is the immediate
help given to an injured or
sick person before a doctor
arrives.
• It is not full treatment, but it
helps to save life, reduce
pain, and stop the condition
from getting worse.
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1.3 Role of Nurses, Teachers,
and Parents
• Nurses: Give first aid and teach
others how to handle
emergencies.
• Teachers: Give quick help to
students during school accidents.
• Parents: Provide first aid at
home and protect their children.
• Together, they make accidents
easier to manage.
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2.3 Safety Precautions for
the First Aider
• Wash hands or wear gloves
before touching wounds.
• Avoid direct contact with blood
and body fluids.
• Use clean cloths or bandages.
• Keep yourself safe while
helping (fire, electricity, traffic,
etc.).
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2.4 Structure and Contents of a Standard First Aid
Kit (Home and School)
A basic kit should include:
• Bandages, cotton, gauze, and
tape
• Antiseptic solution/cream
• Scissors, safety pins, tweezers
• Pain relievers (paracetamol)
• Burn ointment
• Gloves and mask
• Thermometer
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3.1 Definition of Burns
• A burn is an injury to the skin or tissues caused by heat,
flames, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
3.2 Types of Burns
• First Degree (Superficial): Red, painful, no blisters (like
mild sunburn).
• Second Degree (Partial Thickness): Red, swollen, painful,
with blisters.
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Cont.…
• Third Degree (Full
Thickness): Skin looks white,
black, or charred, often
painless due to nerve damage.
• Chemical Burns: Caused by
acids, alkalis, or cleaning
agents.
• Electrical Burns: Caused by
electric shocks.
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3.3 Immediate First Aid for Minor Burns
• Cool the burn under running water for 10–15 minutes.
• Remove tight clothing or jewelry near the area.
• Cover with clean, non-stick cloth or gauze.
• Give pain relief (like paracetamol) if needed.
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4.1 Definition of Cuts and
Wounds
• A cut or wound is an opening or
break in the skin caused by sharp
objects, accidents, or injuries.
4.2 Types of Cuts
• Minor Cut: Small and shallow.
• Deep Cut: Goes into deeper
tissues, may bleed a lot.
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Cont.…
• Puncture: Small but deep
hole (e.g., from nails,
needles).
• Laceration: Rough, torn
wound caused by
accidents.
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4.3 Step-by-Step Management of Small Cuts
• Wash hands and wear gloves if available.
• Clean the cut gently with clean water.
• Keep wound dry and clean.
• Apply antiseptic solution.
• Cover with clean bandage or plaster.
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4.4 Management of Deep Cuts and Prevention of
Infection
• Apply firm pressure with
clean cloth to stop bleeding.
• Keep the injured part
raised.
• Do not try to remove
objects stuck in the wound.
• Cover with sterile bandage
and seek medical help.
• Give tetanus injection if
needed.
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5.1 Definition of Bleeding
• Bleeding is the loss of blood from the
body due to an injury or a medical
condition. It can be inside (internal) or
outside (external).
• 5.2 Types of Bleeding
• Arterial – Bright red blood, leaks out
and heartbeat increase, very dangerous.
• Venous – Dark red blood, flows steadily.
• Capillary – Slow, oozing bleeding from
small cuts or scrapes.
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5.3 First Aid for Minor Bleeding
• Wash hands before touching
wound.
• Clean wound gently with
water.
• Apply clean cloth or
bandage.
• For nose bleed: Sit upright,
lean forward, pinch nose for
10 minutes
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5.4 First Aid for Severe Bleeding
• Direct Pressure: Press tightly on wound with cloth/bandage.
• Elevation: Raise injured part above heart level (if no
fracture).
• Pressure Bandage: Wrap the damaged area to maintain
pressure.
• Tourniquet: Use only if bleeding is life-threatening and not
stopping with pressure.
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6.1 Definition of Fracture
• A fracture is a break, crack, or
damage in a bone caused by
injury or disease.
• 6.2 Types of Fractures
• Simple (Closed): Bone breaks
but skin is not open.
• Compound (Open): Bone
breaks and comes out through the
skin.
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Cont.…
• Greenstick: Bone bends
and cracks, common in
children.
• Comminuted: Bone
breaks into many pieces.
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6.3 Step-by-Step First Aid for Suspected Fractures
• Stay calm and reassure the injured person.
• Do not move the injured part unnecessarily.
• Keep the person still and comfortable.
• Control any bleeding with clean cloth/bandage.
• Immobilize the injured part before shifting.
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6.4 Immobilization
Techniques
• Splints: Use wooden stick,
cardboard, or hard object to
support bone.
• Slings: Use cloth to support
arm fractures.
• Improvised Methods: Tie
injured leg with uninjured
leg, or use school items
(ruler, board, scarf).
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