Rescue Ready

Basic First Aid

for the TTPS / IATF
 Basic First Aid
Training Objectives
• Choking
• Understand what is First Aid?
• Be able to recognise & treat • Fractures
• Remain calm & in control • Heart Attack
• Know when additional assistance is • Basic First Aid for Wounds
needed
• Dressing and Bandages
• Conduct necessary Scene Survey
• Amputation
• Conduct an Initial Assessment
• Victim Assessment Sequence • Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Exercise the appropriate • Stroke (Brian Attack)
intervention • Allergic Reactions
• Be able to manage and control
• Gun Shot Wounds
bleeding
• Burns
• Be able to manage and control
Shock • Seizures
 Basic First Aid
• What Is First Aid?

– The first care / aid given to an injured or suddenly ill

person.

– DOES NOT take the place of proper medical treatment.

– Legal Considerations
• Implied Consent involves an unresponsive victim in a life-
threatening condition.
• It is assumed or “implied” that an unresponsive victim would
consent to lifesaving help.
• Only perform First Aid / Assistance for which you have been
trained.
• Expressed consent – client accepts your assistance.
 Scene Survey
• When confronted with an accident or illness on
duty, it is important to assess the situation to
determine what kind of emergency situation you
are dealing with, for your safety, the victim’s safety
and that of others.
• Do a quick survey of the scene that includes
looking for these three elements:
– Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or
bystanders.
– The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
– The number of victims.
Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.
 Initial Assessment
• Goal of the initial assessment:
– Visually determine whether there are life-threatening
or other serious problems that require quick care.
• Breathing • Burn • Heart Attack
• Bleeding • Choking • Fractures
• L.O.C

– Determine if the victim is conscious - by tap and

shout. Check for CAB as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed. It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first
aid is required at any point.
 Victim Assessment Sequence
• Assessment Sequence Components:
– If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints as
well as others that may be involved.
– If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
– Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness
observed.
 BLEEDING
Bleeding - Occurs when there is a rupture to
a blood vessel.
Arteries- Spurts in sync with the heart-beat.
Major Laceration – Cutlass
Veins- Usually runs.
Minor Laceration – Razor Blade
Capillaries- Small amounts of bleeding.
Abrasion - Bruise
 Bleeding Control
• Control Methods For External Bleeding:
– Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
• Wear medical exam gloves (if possible)
• Place a sterile gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound
– Elevation injured part to help reduce blood flow.
• Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this will
allow you to attend to other injuries or victims).
– If bleeding continues, apply pressure
at a pressure point to slow blood flow.
• Pressure point locations:
– Brachial (Top of elbow)
– Femoral (Inside upper thigh)
– Radial ( just above the Wrist)
 Bleeding Control Cont.
• Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
– Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
– What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:
• Monitor CAB’s (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help
prevent expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit
to drain and also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
• Treat for shock by raising the victim’s legs 8” – 12”
• Seek immediate medical attention
 Shock
• Shock refers to circulatory system failure
that happens when insufficient amounts of
oxygenated blood is provided for every
body part. This can be as the result of:
– Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or
other circulatory system problem.
– Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive
sweating.
– Trauma (injury)
– Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
 Shock Cont.
• What to Look For
– Altered mental status
• Anxiety and restlessness
– Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail beds
– Nausea and vomiting
– Rapid breathing and pulse
– Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
 Shock Cont.
• What to Do
– After first treating life-threatening injuries
such as breathing or bleeding, the
following procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12” to
allow the blood to drain from the
legs back to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over the victim
PRACTICALS
DAY 2
 Burns
• Burns have been described as:
– First-degree burns (Superficial)
• Only the skin’s outer layer (epidermis) is
damaged.
– Symptoms include redness, mild swelling,
tenderness, and pain.
– Usually heals without scarring.
Causes – Steam, Sunburn, Mild chemical
Exposure, Hot dry flash / heat
• What to Do:
– Immerse in cool clean water 10 to
45 minutes or use cool, wet cloths.
» Cold stops burn progression
» May use other liquids
– Aloe, moisturizer lotion,
 Burns Cont.
• Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)
– Epidermis and upper regions of
dermis are damaged.
• Symptoms include blisters, swelling,
weeping of fluids, and severe pain.
– What to Do:
• Immerse in cool clean water / wet pack
• Do not break blisters
• Seek medical attention
 Burns Cont.
• Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)
– Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers,
into the underlying fat and muscle.
• Symptoms include: the burned area appears
gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial
edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
– What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to areas of third
degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick
dressings (do not use
plastic)
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help
 Burns Cont.
• Burn injuries can be classified as follow:
– Thermal (heat) burns caused by:
• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
– What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar item, or
have the victim roll on ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn
 Burns Cont.
• Chemical burns
– The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)
 Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Remove the chemical by flushing the area
with water
• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
• Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure
to the chemical
– Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
– Flush for 20 minutes all
chemical burns (skin, eyes)
– Cover the burned area with
a dry, sterile dressing
– Seek medical attention
 Burns Cont.
• Electrical Burns
– A mild electrical shock can
cause serious internal injuries.
– There are three types of electrical injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact with
the skin are ignited by an electrical current.
– Mostly caused by the flames produced by the electrical
current and not by the passage of the electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or
arcs, from one spot to another.
– Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) – Occurs when an
electric current truly passes through the body.
 Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Make sure the scene is safe
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or EMS
for help.
– Do not contact high voltage wires
– Consider all wires live
– Do not handle downed lines
– Do not come in contact with person if the electrical source is
live
– Check CABs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs
8” – 12” if no spinal injury is suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.
 Choking
• What is it?
Is a involuntary reaction of the body to expel a foreign
body from within the airway passage or the lungs of the
body Obstruction in the airway.
• General Precaution
–If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.
• Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuver.
–Keep eyes on that person.
–Ask the person if he/she needs help.
• Signs and Symptoms
–Person is not able to breath or talk due to obstruction, choking sign
given, distressed, and panic.
–Hands wrapped around the neck is universal sign for choking .
 Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Perform Heimlich Maneuver if
you are properly trained
• Conscious Victim:
– Approach from behind and wrap arms
around the victim’s waist.
– Place one fist just above the victim’s navel
with the thumb side against the abdomen.
– Second hand over the fist.
– Press into the victim’s abdomen with one upward thrust
– Repeat thrust if necessary.
– Try to pop the obstruction out with swift thrusts in and up.
– Continue until the obstruction is relieved or victim
collapses.
– Have someone call for help.
Note: Always stay calm.
 Chain of Survival
• In order for a person to survive

Early Early Early Early

Access “811” 639-4444”First Aid/CPR Defibrillation Advanced Care
You EMS on Hospital
Scene
 Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Unconscious Victim:
• Ask someone to call 9-911 for help
• Lower victim to floor on back or left side and perform
Heimlich Maneuver
• Open airway with tongue-jaw lift
• Look inside mouth – if you cannot see anything, do
not do a finger sweep
• Try to give two full rescue breaths
• If these do not go in, reposition the
head and give another breath
• Perform abdominal thrusts
• Continue until successful or help arrives
 Fractures
• There are two categories of fractures:
– Closed (Simple) fracture
• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere near
the fracture site.
– Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or
broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding through
the skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.
 Fractures Cont.
• What to Look for:
– General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken,
causing an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones
rubbing together
– can be felt and sometimes even heard.
– Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to detect it.
• Loss of use.
 Fractures Cont.
• Additional signs and symptoms include:
– The history of the injury can lead to suspect
a fracture whenever a serious accident has
happened.
• The victim may have heard or felt the bone snap.
DAY 3
 Heart Attack
• Heart Attack – Usually that happens when
one of the coronary arteries is blocked by
an obstruction or a spasm.
– Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:
• Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that
lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away and
comes back.
• Pain spreading /radiating to the shoulders,
neck, or arms.
• Chest discomfort with light-headedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea, vomiting
or shortness of breath.
 Heart Attack
• What to Do:
– Call EMS or get to the nearest hospital
emergency department with 24-emergency
cardiac care.
– Monitor victim’s condition.
– Help the victim to the least painful position,
usually sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
• Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff.
– Determine if the victim is known to have coronary
heart disease and is using nitroglycerin.
– If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and
start CPR, if needed.
 Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Open Wounds
– A break in the skin’s surface that results in
external bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter
the body that can cause infection
• Abrasion
– The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
– Scrape
• Laceration
– A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing away
of skin tissue
• Incisions
– Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Open Wounds Cont.
– Punctures / Impaled Objects
• Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
– Avulsion
• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
– Amputation
• Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg.
Eviscerations
Intestines protruding out of the stomach.
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• What to Do:
– Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
– Control bleeding
– Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
– Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Wounds Care
– Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
– If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
– Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the
body)
– Keep dressings dry and clean
– Change the dressing daily, or more often if it
gets wet or dirty.
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Signs of Wound Infection:
– Swelling, and redness around the wound
– A sensation of warmth
– Throbbing pain
– Fever / chills
– Swollen lymph nodes
– Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in
first 72 hours.
 Dressings and Bandages
• The purpose of a dressing is to:
– Control bleeding
– Prevent infection and contamination
– Absorb blood and fluid drainage
– Protect the wound from further injury
• What to Do:
– Always wear gloves (if possible)
– Use a dressing large enough to extend
beyond the wound’s edges.
– Cover the dressing with bandages.
Dressings and Bandages Cont.
• Bandage can be used to:
– Hold a dressing in place over an open wound
– Apply direct pressure over a dressing to
control bleeding
– Prevent or reduce swelling
– Provide support and stability for an extremity
or joint
– Bandage should be clean but need not be
sterile.
 Amputation
• What to Do:
– Control the bleeding
– Treat the victim for shock
– Recover the amputated part and whenever possible take
it with the victim
• To care for the amputated body part:
– The amputated part does not need to be cleaned
– Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze or
other clean cloth
– Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or other
waterproof container
– Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
• Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on a bed of ice
– Seek medical attention immediately
DAY 4
 Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Spinal Injuries
– Head injuries may indicate that there are
possible spinal injuries
• It may have been moved suddenly in one or more
directions, damaging the spine.
– What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
– Painful movement of the arms or legs
– Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning sensation in
the arms or legs
– Loss of bowel or bladder control
– Paralysis of the arms or legs
– Deformity (odd-looking angle of the victim’s head & neck
Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• What to Do:
– Stabilize the victim against any movement.
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Unresponsive Victim:
– Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
– Test response by pinching the victim’s hand,
and bare foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.
Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• Responsive Victim
– Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
– Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s hand.
 Stroke (Brain Attack)

• What is Stroke?
– Tissue damage to
area of the brain
due to disruption in
blood supply,
depriving that area
of the brain of
oxygen.
 Stroke (Brain Attack) Cont.
• Signs and Symptoms of Stroke:
– Weakness or numbness of the
face, arm, or leg (usually on one
side of the body)
– Blurred or decreased vision,
especially in one eye.
– Problems speaking or understanding
– Unexplained, severe headache
– Dizziness, unsteadiness,
or sudden fall
 Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
– What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and
venom sac are embedded in the skin.
– Bees are the only stinging insects that leave their
stingers and venom sacs behind.
– Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with a
hard object such as a long fingernail, credit card,
scissor edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching,
and swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be
a life threatening.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Insect stings and bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
– Because bee venom is acidic, a paste made of
baking soda and water can help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Tick bites
– Tick can remain embedded for days
without the victim’s realizing it.
– Most tick bites are harmless, although
ticks can carry serious diseases.
– Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days
after a tick bites.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Tick Bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• The best way to remove a tick is with fine-pointed
tweezers. Grab as closely to the skin as possible
and pull straight back, using steady but gentle force.
• Wash the bite site with soap and water.
– Apply rubbing alcohol to further disinfect the area.
• Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.
• Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
– Keep the area clean.
• Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
– If rash appears, see a physician.
– Also watch for other signs such as fever,
muscle aches, sensitivity to bright light, and
paralysis that begins with leg weakness.
 Basic First Aid
Gun Shot Wound
Gunshot wounds can be categorized based on the distance
from which the shot was fired, including contact wounds,
near-contact wounds, intermediate-range wounds, and
distant wounds,
wounds can be classified as entry wounds (where the
bullet enters the body) and exit wounds (where the
bullet exits the body)
Please note, Bullets may not always exit the body
Different types of ammunition would impact different types
of wounds
 Basic First Aid
Gun Shot Wound
Key points about gunshot wound types
Contact wounds:
Occur when the gun barrel is pressed
directly against the skin at the time of
firing, often showing significant skin
damage and characteristic patterns from
the expelled gases.
 Basic First Aid
Gun Shot Wound continued

• Near-contact wounds:
• A close range where some powder
stippling (small powder particles
embedded in the skin) is present around
the entry wound, but not as pronounced as
in a contact wound.
Intermediate-range wounds:
Visible powder stippling around the entry
wound, indicating the bullet traveled a
moderate distance before hitting the
target.
Distant wounds:
Fired from a long distance where no visible
powder residue is present on the skin, only
the bullet entry point is visible
 BASIC FIRST AID
Gun Shot Wound continued
Entry wound:
The point where the bullet enters the body,
usually appearing as a smaller, more
defined hole with an abrasion collar and
potential signs of gunpowder residue
depending on the firing distance.
 Basic First Aid
Gunshot Wound continued
Exit wound:
The point where the bullet exits the body,
often larger and more irregular than an
entry wound, with tissue tearing and
potential beveling depending on the angle
of the bullet path.
 Basic First Aid
Gun Shot Wound continued
How to treat a Gun Shot wound?
After activating your operation’s protocol
Establish level of consciousness of the casualty
Or
Establish signs of life
Ensure to secure the Airway
Try to establish the location/s of the enter & exit
if any of the injury.
 Basic First Aid
Gun Shot Wound continued
Secure air-way
Begin Oxygen therapy
Consider spinal or limb immobilization depending on
injury site
Secure injury site – with bulk dressing as necessary,
Occlusive dressing if necessary – give nothing to
eat or drink patient may need emergency surgery,
stomach needs to be as empty as possible.
Treat for shock – Never elevate the legs if that’s the
injury site. Rapid transport and closely monitor
casualty.
DAY 5
 Basic First Aid
Hypo and Hyper glycemia (high or low blood sugar)
Sometimes they both present similar appearances

Establish the level of consciousness

Is the casualty responding to your prompts
• Verbal, painful – don’t hit light taps
• call by familiar name in BOTH ears – why?
• Person could be impaired in one ear.
• What is or are the presenting issues?
•
 Basic First Aid
Fainting episode
Dizzy-spells (light headedness)
Incontinence (urine or faeces mostly urine)
it’s the bodies way of trying to get rid of
excess sugar.
Flush appearance with perfuse sweating
Confused appearance
Craving for sweet
Craving for water (uncontrollable thirst) the
body is craving for replenishment of loss
water
 Basic First Aid
After confirming the prior
Call for help if possible
Ensure casualty is in a comfortable position
Try to accumulate a blood sugar reading
from a blood glucose monitor (80 mgdl to
120mgdl) is normal range
Readings above or below does not confirm
diabetes as there could be other reasons
for the presenting situation, maybe other
medication being taken etc.
Facilities Planning &
 Basic First Aid
Try to get a history of the current situation,
medication or supplements taken, steroids
etc.
Once casualty is responsive ask about
medical history – Diabetes or any other
medical challenges
If on medication – what is it / and for / when
is it to be taken and when last taken? Is it
available for viewing (could be expired, or
not taken as prescribed)
 Basic First Aid
After confirming the blood glucose level
What was the last oral intake and what was it
Once established that the glucose level is
considerably lower than 80 and person can
swallow a small bit of a sweet agent that the
casualty is not allergic to can be given by
mouth. Not a solid Let person sit up as mush
as possible. Have a container close by as he
or she may vomit, if this happen give no
more.