Chapter 1
Introduction to AI
What is AI?
• A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence (AI) pursues
creating the computers/machines as intelligent as human beings.
• John McCarthy the father of Artificial Intelligence described AI as, “The
science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs”.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science which deals with helping
machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human like fashion .
• This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence,
and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way.
• AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and other
living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms for solving.
• Eg: understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, chess
playing, etc.
AI Approaches
• The difference between machine and human intelligence is that the
human think/act rationally compare to machine.
• Historically, all four approaches to AI have been followed, each by
different people with different methods.
o Think well
o Act well
o Think like humans
o Act like humans
Applications of AI
• Game Playing
• Speech Recognition
• Understanding Natural Language
• Computer Vision
• Expert Systems
• Intelligent Robot
Intelligent System
• The intelligent system part of artificial intelligence is
defined as, the system that the ability to calculate, reasoning,
perception, store and retrieve the information from memory,
solving complex problems ad adaptation.
Types of Intelligence
• Intelligent System, is composed of :
• The intelligence is intangible.
• It is composed of
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence
Figure 1.1: Composition of AI
Human Vs. Machine Intelligence
• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set
of rules and data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by
searching algorithms.
• For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and
recall as its pattern is simple.
• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is
missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
Agent and Environment
• An agent is anything that perceive its environment through sensors
and acts upon that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue
and skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands,
legs, mouth, for effectors.
• A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the
sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors.
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.
Figure 1.2: Agent and Environment
Structure of Intelligent Agents
• Agent’s structure can be viewed as –
• Agent = Architecture + Agent Program
• Architecture = the machinery that an agent executes on.
• Agent Program = an implementation of an agent function.
Turing Test
• The success of an intelligent behavior of a system can be measured
with Turing Test.
• Two persons and a machine to be evaluated participate in the test.
• Out of the two persons, one plays the role of the tester.
• Each of them sits in different rooms. The tester is unaware of who
is machine and who is a human.
• He interrogates the questions by typing and sending them to both
intelligences, to which he receives typed responses.
• Allan Turing, in 1950, considered the question of whether a
machine could actually make to think.
• Turing test measures the performance of an ‘intelligent’
machine.
• This test aims at fooling the tester.
• If the tester fails to determine machine’s response from the
human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent.
Figure 1.3: Turing Test
End of Chapter 1
Q and A?
Questions:
1. What is Artificial Intelligence? State its applications.
2. State the relationship between agent and environment.
3. What is agent?
4. Explain different types of Intelligent System.
5. Write a note on Turing Test.