SPECTROSCO
PY
AN INTRODUCTION:
In
analytical chemistry, various techniques
are used for analysis of substances.
Spectroscopy is one of such tools.
Spectroscopy:
It is the measurement of absorption of
elecromagnatic radiations emitted by drug
molecules at a certain wavelength.
The electromagnetic interactions are of three types:
1. Absorption
2. Emission
3. Scattering
Parameters:
The parameters used for analysis in
spectroscopy are:
1. Wave length(the distance from one point on a
wave to the corresponding point on a successive
wave)
2. Frequency (the number of waves per second)
3. Wave number (Wavenumber is the reciprocal
of the wavelength)
Types Of Spectroscopic
Techniques:
These are:
1. UV-Visible spectroscopy
2. IR spectroscopy
3. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(NMR)
4. Fluorescence spectroscopy
5. Flame photometry
6. Photo fluorescence
UV-Visible Spectroscopy:
Inthis type, the electronic transitions occur
in UV and Visible region of the spectrum.
The range is 10-800 nm.
Where,
1. UV = 200-380 nm (colourless)
2. Visible = 380-800 nm (coloured)
Contd.
AlthoughUV-Visible region starts from 10
nm but below 200 nm is called Vacuum. It is
not important for analysis.
Basic Principle:
Absorption of UV-Visible radiations results
in transitions among the electronic energy
levels of molecules. That is why, UV-Visible
spectroscopy is also called ELECTRONIC
SPECTROSCOPY.
The
absorption is measured according to
BEER LAMBERT’S LAW.
BEER LAMBERT’S LAW:
Absorbance of electromagnetic radiations is
directly proportional to concentration of
solution and path length of absorbing
species.
E 1%.1cm
Contd.
1. max:
Wave length at which maximum absorbance
occurs
2. E1% :
It is the absorbance of 1% solution of a
substance at a path length of 1 cm.
Basic instrumentation:
The main components of a UV visible
spectrophotometer are:
1. Light source
2. Mono chromator
3. Splitter
4. Reference cell
5. Sample cell
6. Detector (A.C Current)
7. Amplifier
8. Monitor
Components of a spectrophotometer:
Types:
These spectrophotometers can be:
1. Single beam type:
It allows radiations to pass through reference
and sample cells alternately.
2. Double beam type:
It divides radiations into two beams of equal
intensities passing from reference and sample
cells at the same time,
1. Single beam type:
2. Double beam type: