Subject code 18B15GE111

Category Engineering Science Course

Course Title Engineering Drawing & Design
L T P Credits
Scheme and Session: 2023-24
Credits - - 3 1.5
UG – 2nd semester
 Course outcomes

Course outcomes Cognitive levels

C178.1
Recall the use of different instruments used in Engineering Drawing Remembering
and Importance of BIS and ISO codes. (Level I)
C178.2
Illustrate various types of mathematical curves and scale.
Understanding
(Level II)
C178.3
Classify different types of projection and Construct Orthographic Applying
projection of Point, Line, Plane and Solid. (Level III)
C178.4
Construct Isometric Projection and Conversion of Orthographic view Applying
to Isometric view and vice-versa. (Level III)
C178.5
Construct Engineering model in Drawing software (AutoCAD) and Analyzing
Compare it with conventional drawing. (Level IV)

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 Course description
Module Title of the Module List of Experiments CO
No.
1. Introduction to ❑ Principles of engineering graphics and their significance, usage of
Engineering drawing instruments. C178.1
Drawing
❑ Technical vertical capital letters which includes English alphabets
and numeric.
2. Engineering Curves ❑ Constructing a pentagon and hexagon; engineering curves: Parabola,
Ellipse, Hyperbola, Cycloids and Involutes. C178.2
3. Orthographic ❑ Projection of points: Point on VP, HP, in space.
Projections ❑ Projection of straight lines: Lines inclined or parallel to any one of
the planes; lines inclined to both HP and VP with traces. C178.3
❑ Projection of planes: Plane on VP, HP, inclined to any one of the
planes; plane inclined to both HP and VP.
4. Projections of ❑ Projections of solids in simple position, inclined to one/both the
Regular Solids planes. C178.3
5. Sections and ❑ Sections of solids: Section of standard solids and true shape section
Sectional Views of of standard machine elements for the section planes perpendicular to
Right Angular Solids one plane and parallel or inclined to other plane. C178.3
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 Course description
Module Title of the Module List of Experiments CO
No.
6. Isometric ❑ Principles of Isometric projection – Isometric Scale, Isometric Views,
Projections Conventions; Isometric Views of Planes, Simple and compound
Solids; Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic Views and C178.4
Vice-versa.
7. Overview of ❑ Demonstrating knowledge of the theory of CAD software; Dialog
Computer Graphics boxes and windows; Shortcut menus; the Command Line; the C178.5
❑ Status Bar; Isometric Views of lines, Planes, Simple and compound
Solids.
8. Customization & ❑ CAD Drawing along with customization tools, Annotations, layering
CAD Drawing & other functions. Orthographic Projections; Model Viewing; Co-
ordinate Systems; Multi-view Projection; Surface Modeling; Solid C178.5
Modeling.
9. Demonstration of a ❑ Technical 2D/3D orthographic and Isometric
simple team design projections; Demonstration of a simple team design project. C178.5
project

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 Evaluation criteria

Evaluation Criteria Components Maximum Marks

Mid-Term 20
End-Term 20
(Attendance + D2D) 60 (10+50)
Total 100

Recommended reading material

1. Bhatt N.D., Panchal V.M. & Ingle P.R., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House, 2014.
2. Shah, M.B. & Rana B.C., Engineering Drawing and Computer Graphics, Pearson Education, 2008.
3. Agrawal B. & Agrawal C. M., Engineering Graphics, TMH Publication, 2012.
4. Narayana, K.L. & P Kannaiah , Text book on Engineering Drawing, Scitech Publishers, 2008

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 Topics to be discussed (Module-I)

❖ Introduction
❖ Classification
❖ Application
❖ Elements of engineering drawing
❖ Standards
❖ Drawing Instruments
❖ Dimensioning
❖ Line symbols
❖ Scales

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 Introduction
✔ Drawing: The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the paper. The art of representation of an
object by systematic lines on a paper.

✔ Classification:
1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering Drawing

✔ Artistic Drawing: The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object
before him, e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.

Fig.1. Example of artistic drawing.

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 Introduction
✔ Engineering Drawing is graphical language of three dimensional object on two dimensional sheet with proper and
accurate description of shape, size, finish, material and construction that is used to manufacture or develop that object.

Fig.2. Example engineering drawing.

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 Applications and elements of engineering drawing

✔ Application: Engineering drawing is an essential part of almost all engineering projects. Some important uses of
engineering drawing are mentioned below:
• It is used in ships for navigation.
• For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
• For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication structures etc.
• For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc.

✔ Elements of Engineering Drawing :

Fig.3. Elements of engineering drawing.

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 Standards

✔ Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented.
✔ Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Table 1. Standard code.
Country Code Full name

India BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard

UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

(German Institute for Standardisation)

ISO International Standards Organization

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 Drawing instrument

✔ Drawing board
✔ Drawing sheet
✔ Mini-drafter/drafting machine/ T- square
✔ Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
✔ Scales
✔ Protractor
✔ French curves
✔ Drawing pencils
✔ Eraser
✔ Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
✔ Sharpener
✔ Duster

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 Drawing instruments and their uses

✔ Drawing Board

• It is a board or platform rectangular in shape.

• Size of drawing board need to be larger than that of drawing paper.
• It is made of wood.
• Top surface should be smooth.

Fig.4. Drawing board.

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 Drawing instruments and their uses
✔ Drawing Paper:

• Drawing paper is the paper, on which drawing is to be made.

• All engineering drawings are made on sheets of paper of strictly defined sizes, which are set forth in the respective
standards.
• The use of standard size saves paper and ensures convenient storage of drawings.
• It should be thick, strong and tough.
• Fibers of drawing paper should not be disintegrated when a good eraser is used on it.

✔ Drawing Paper Types:

• Detail Paper (used for pencil work).

• White drawing paper (used for finished drawing).
• Tracing paper (used for both pencil and ink work and useful for replicating a master copy).

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 Drawing instruments and their uses
✔ Paper Size:

Table 2. ISO Paper Sizes.

Designation Trimmed size Untrimmed size
(mm) (mm)
A0 841 × 1189 880 × 1230
A1 594 × 841 625× 880
A2 420 × 594 450 × 625
A3 297 × 420 330 × 450
A4 210 × 297 240 × 330

Fig.5. Paper sizes.

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 Drawing instruments and their uses

Paper Layout: The ISO standard (ISO 5457) require a 20mm border to the left hand edge (for filing) and a 10mm border round the
other three sides of the drawing sheet. However, the margin of paper can be increased according to requirements and settings of
printer/plotter.

Fig. 7. Sample Title Box.

Fig.6. Layout of Drawing Paper (DS size: A2).
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 Drawing instruments and their uses

Pencil: Pencils are used to draw different lines, shapes, symbols and to write texts in engineering drawing. Based on the
hardness of lead pencils are classified in three major grades as hard, medium and soft. They are further sub-divided and
numbered as mentioned in table below:

Table 3. Pencils of Different Grades.

Grade Items arranged ordering harder to softer

Hard 9H> 8H> 7H>6H>5H>4H

Medium 3H>2H>H>F>HB>B

Soft 2B>3B>4B>5B>6B>7B

Note: Drawings to be done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB pencils in this course.

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 Drawing instruments and their uses (T Square)

✔ T-square:

• Used to draw horizontal straight line.

• Used to guide the triangles when drawing vertical and inclined lines.
Fig. 8. T-square.

✔ Set-square:
• Used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 30°, 45°and 60°) in
technical drawings.
• Used to draw parallel and perpendicular lines quickly and conveniently.

✔ Scale (ruler):
• A number of kinds of scales are available for varied types of engineering design. Scales
with beveled edges graduated in mm are usually used. Fig. 9. Set-square.

✔ Compass:
• It is used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and ink. It consists of two legs pivoted at the top. One leg
is equipped with a steel needle attached with a screw, and other shorter leg is, provided with a socket for
detachable inserts.

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 Drawing instruments and their uses

✔ Dividers: Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts. i.e. for
dividing curved and straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for transferring measurements.

✔ French curve: It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs. The shape varies according to the shape
of irregular curve.

✔ Drafting machine: The uses and advantages of the T-square, set-squares, scales and the protractor are combined
in the drafting machine.

Fig. 10.
09/19/2025 Compass and divider. Fig. 11. French curves.
JIIT Engineeering Drawing & Design Fig. 12. Drafter. 18
 Lines

✔ Line Thickness: Thickness varied as per the use of pencil or pen and the type and size of the drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

Table 4. Line group.

Line group (mm) Thickness Lines
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines
0.1 Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines,
extension lines,
Thin construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines
and long-break
lines

Important Notes: In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.

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 Table 5. Types of Lines.

Line Description General application

A Continuous thick or Display the outline and edges of the main drawing, done
Continuous wide with a pencil softer than HB.
B Continuous thin basically used for dimension, extension, projection, leader
line, etc. A harder pencil should be used, such as a 2H pencil.
C Continuous thin (narrow) This line is used to show short break or irregular boundaries
19/09/2025freehand
D Continuous thin (narrow) This line is used to show long break.
with zigzags (straight)
E Dashed thick (wide) Line showing permissible of surface treatment
F Dashed thin (narrow Hidden outlines; hidden edges
G Chain thin Long-dashed dotted Centre line; lines of symmetry; trajectories; pitch circle of
(narrow) gears, pitch circle of holes,
H Chain thin (narrow) with thick Cutting planes
(wide) at the ends and at changing
of position
I Chain thick, Long-dashed dotted Indication of lines or surfaces to which a special requirement
(wide) applies
J Chain thin double-dashed Outlines of adjacent parts, Alternative and extreme positions
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& Design 20
 Representation of of Lines

(i) (J) (ii)

(I)
(iii)
Fig.13 (i-iii). Representation of lines.

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 Dimensioning

✔ The art of presenting the various measurement or sizes on the finished drawing of an object.

✔ Types of Dimensioning:

• Size or Functional Dimensions (S): It represents the sizes.e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter, etc.

• Location or Datum Dimensions (L):It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within the
object.

Fig.14. Representation of S and L.

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 Notations of dimensioning

Fig.16. Arrow-head dimensioning.

Fig.15. Notation of dimensioning.

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 Units of dimensioning

Arrangement of dimensions

(i) Chain
(iii)
(ii) Parallel
Fig.17(i-iii). Arrangement of dimensions.
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 Types of dimensioning

✔ Aligned System: In the this system, dimensions are positioned

perpendicular to dimension line in such a way so that it may be read
from right hand edge or bottom edge of the drawing sheet. The
dimensions should be placed near the middle and above, but clear of the
dimension lines.
Fig.18. Aligned system.
✔ Unidirectional System: In unidirectional system all dimensions are so
placed that they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
The dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the
dimensions. This system is mainly used on large drawings - as of aircrafts,
automobiles etc. where it is inconvenient to read dimensions from the
right-hand side.

Fig.19. Unidirectional system.

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 General rule for dimensioning

✔ Dimensioning should be done so completely that further calculation or assumption of any dimension, or direct
measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
✔ Every dimension must be given, but none should be given more than once.
✔ A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
✔ Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless they are clearer and more easily read inside.
✔ Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided. Dimension lines
should not cross any other line of the drawing.
✔ An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line.
✔ A centre line may be extended to serve as an extension line.
✔ Unidirectional system of dimensioning is recommended.

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 Practical hints on dimensioning

✔ Various sizes circle can be dimensioned in the given ways:

Fig.20. Dimensioning of circle.

✔ Arcs of circle must be dimensioned by its respective radii:

Fig.21. Dimensioning of arcs of circle.

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 Practical hints on dimensioning

✔ Angle should be dimensioned as:

Fig.22 (i-iii). Dimensioning of angles.

✔ Radius of a spherical surface & square cross-section of a rod is should be dimensioned as :

Fig.23. Dimensioning of Radius of a spherical surface . Fig.24. Dimensioning of a square cross-section of a rod.
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 Practical hints on dimensioning

✔ Methods of dimensioning of a chamfer is presented in Fig. 25:

Fig.25 (i-ii). Dimensioning of a chamfer.

✔ Dimensioning of a tapered surface:

Fig.26 . Dimensioning of a tapered surface.

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 Scales

✔ Dimensions of a large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing sheet. This reduction creates a
scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction.. such a scale is called reducing scale and that ratio is called
representative factor.

✔ Similarly, in case of tiny objects dimensions must be increased for above purpose. hence this scale is called enlarging
scale. Here the ratio called representative factor is more than unity.

Representative factor (RF)

R.F=1 SCALE 1:1 for full size

R.F>1 SCALE X:1 for enlarge scales (X > 1)

R.F<1
SCALE 1:X for reduce scales (X > 1)
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 References

[1] Bhatt N.D., Panchal V.M. & Ingle P.R., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House, 2014.

[2] Shah, M.B. & Rana B.C., Engineering Drawing and Computer Graphics, Pearson Education, 2008.

[3] Agrawal B. & Agrawal C. M., Engineering Graphics, TMH Publication, 2012.

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