Matrix Addition
• A + B = [a_{ij} + b_{ij}] (element-wise addition)
• Example: A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]], B = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
• A + B = [[1+5, 2+6], [3+7, 4+8]] = [[6, 8], [10,
12]]
Matrix Multiplication
• C=A⋅B
• Example: A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]], B = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
• A ⋅ B = [[(1*5 + 2*7), (1*6 + 2*8)], [(3*5 +
4*7), (3*6 + 4*8)]] = [[19, 22], [43, 50]]
Transpose of a Matrix
• A^T = [a_{ji}]
• Example: A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
• A^T = [[1, 3], [2, 4]]
Inverse of a Matrix (for a 2x2
matrix)
• A^(-1) = 1/det(A) * adj(A)
• For A = [[2, 3], [5, 4]], det(A) = -7
• A^(-1) = 1/-7 * [[4, -3], [-5, 2]] = [[-4/7, 3/7],
[5/7, -2/7]]
Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix
• det(A) = ad - bc
• Example: A = [[2, 3], [5, 4]]
• det(A) = (2*4) - (3*5) = -7
Cofactor of a Matrix
• C_{ij} = (-1)^{i+j} * det(A_{ij})
• Example: A = [[2, 3], [5, 4]]
• Cofactor C_11 = (-1)^(1+1) * det([[4]]) = 4
Adjugate (Adjoint) of a Matrix
• adj(A) = transpose(cofactor matrix of A)
• Example: A = [[2, 3], [5, 4]]
• adj(A) = [[4, -3], [-5, 2]]
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
• Av=λv
• Example: A = [[4, 1], [2, 3]]
• Eigenvalues λ = 5, 2
• Eigenvectors: v = [1, 2] for λ=5
Diagonalization of a Matrix
• A = P D P^(-1)
• Eigenvalues λ = 5, 2
• P = [[1, 1], [2, -2]], D = [[5, 0], [0, 2]]
Trace of a Matrix
• Tr(A) = sum(a_{ii})
• Example: A = [[4, 1], [2, 3]]
• Tr(A) = 4 + 3 = 7
Identity Matrix
• I = [[1, 0], [0, 1]]
• Multiplying any matrix by the identity matrix
leaves the matrix unchanged.
Diagonal Matrix
• D = [[d1, 0], [0, d2]]
• Only diagonal elements are non-zero.
Matrix Rank
• Row Rank = Column Rank
• The rank of a matrix is the number of non-zero
rows (or columns).
Dot Product (Scalar Product)
• a ⋅ b = |a| |b| cos(θ)
• Example: a = [1, 2], b = [3, 4]
• a ⋅ b = (1*3) + (2*4) = 11
Cross Product (for 3D vectors)
• a × b = |a| |b| sin(θ) n
• Example: a = [1, 2, 3], b = [4, 5, 6]
• a × b = [(2*6 - 3*5), (3*4 - 1*6), (1*5 - 2*4)] =
[-3, 6, -3]
Magnitude (Norm) of a Vector
• |a| = √(a₁² + a₂² + a₃²)
• Example: a = [3, 4]
• |a| = √(3² + 4²) = 5
Unit Vector
• â = a / |a|
• Example: a = [3, 4]
• â = a / |a| = [0.6, 0.8]
Angle Between Two Vectors
• cos(θ) = (a ⋅ b) / (|a| |b|)
• Example: a = [1, 0], b = [0, 1]
• cos(θ) = (1*0 + 0*1) / (1*1) = 0
• θ = 90°
Projection of Vector a onto b
• proj_b(a) = (a ⋅ b) / |b|² b
• Example: a = [3, 4], b = [1, 0]
• proj_b(a) = (3*1 + 4*0) / (1²) * [1, 0] = 3 * [1,
0] = [3, 0]
Linear Combination of Vectors
• v = c₁a + c₂b
• Example: v = 2a + 3b, where a = [1, 2], b = [3,
4]
• v = 2[1, 2] + 3[3, 4] = [11, 16]
Vector Spaces
• A vector space is a set of vectors that satisfies
closure under addition and scalar
multiplication.