The Earth's
Systems
01 02 03
Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere
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04
Biosphere
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What is Lithosphere?
● the outermost layer of the Earth,
encompassing the crust and the
uppermost part of the mantle.
Key Features:
Mantle: The layer
Crust: The Earth's
beneath the crust,
outer shell, divided
extending down to
into the continental
about 2,900 kilometers
crust (which forms the
(1,800 miles). It is
continents) and the
semi-solid and
oceanic crust (which
convective currents
underlies the ocean
here drive plate
basins).
tectonics.
Key Features:
Tectonic Plates: Large sections
of the lithosphere that move and
interact at their boundaries,
causing earthquakes, volcanic
activity, and mountain building.
Interactions
Geological
Processes Soil Formation
Through weathering
volcanic
of rocks and erosion
eruptions, processes.
earthquakes, and
mountain
formation.
What is Hydrosphere?
● includes all the water found on,
under, and over the surface of the
Earth. It comprises oceans, rivers,
lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and
atmospheric moisture.
Key Features
Freshwater
Oceans Sources
Cover about 71% of the Includes rivers, lakes,
Earth's surface and are glaciers, and
crucial for climate groundwater. Only about
regulation and as habitats 2.5% of Earth's water is
for marine life. Water Cycle fresh, with the majority
locked in glaciers and ice
Involves evaporation,
caps.
condensation,
precipitation, infiltration,
and runoff.
Interactions
Weather and Erosion and Sediment
Climate Transport
Influenced by the Water shapes the
distribution and Earth's surface
through processes
movement of
like erosion and
water in the
sediment
atmosphere and deposition.
oceans.
What is Atmosphere?
● a layer of gases surrounding the Earth,
extending up to about 10,000 kilometers
(6,200 miles) above the surface.
Key Features
Weather and
Layers Climate
Composed of several Governed by atmospheric
layers—troposphere, circulation, pressure
stratosphere, systems, and weather
mesosphere, and patterns.
thermosphere Composition
Primarily nitrogen (78%)
and oxygen (21%), with
trace amounts of argon,
carbon dioxide, and other
gases.
Interactions
Climate Oxygen and Carbon
Regulation Dioxide Cycling
Influences global
Essential for
temperatures and respiration in
weather patterns. animals and
photosynthesis in
plants.
What is Biosphere?
● encompasses all living organisms and
their interactions with the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere. It
includes ecosystems and biomes where
life thrives.
Key Features
Ecosystems Biomes
Diverse environments Large ecological zones
where organisms interact defined by climate, soil,
with each other and their and vegetation types,
surroundings, such as such as tropical
forests, deserts, and coral Biodiversity rainforests, tundras, and
reefs. grasslands.
The variety of life forms,
including plants, animals,
fungi, and
microorganisms.
Interactions
Nutrient
Cycles Energy Flow
Organisms
participate in Through food
biogeochemical chains and webs,
where energy is
cycles, including
transferred
the carbon,
between organisms
nitrogen, and and their