Group 4
GRADE-10 AMBER
Lesson Targets
01 RESEARCH DESIGN
DATA GATHERING
02
PROCEDURE
03 DATA GATHERING
INSTRUMENTS
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is like the blueprint of a study. Just like how
engineers use blueprints to build a house, researchers use
research design to plan how they will collect and analyze data.
It answers questions like: What information do we need? How
will we get it? Who will we ask? And how will we study the
answers?
Having a research design is important because it gives
direction to the whole research process. Without it, the study
would be messy and unorganized.
Where is it located?
The research design is located in the Methodology section
of a research paper or thesis. For research papers, it's
usually under "Methodology" or "Methods," placed after
the Introduction and Literature Review, and before Results.
For theses or dissertations, it's typically in Chapter 3, titled
"Research Methodology" or "Methodology," following
Chapter 1 (Introduction) and Chapter 2 (Literature Review).
2 MAIN TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• QUALITATIVE
• QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
• This type of research focuses on people’s
experiences, feelings, and perspectives.
Instead of using numbers, it uses words,
observations, and stories. The goal here is
not to measure but to understand.
COMMON TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Case Study- This takes a closer look at a single person, group, or event. It’s like
zooming in to understand one case in detail.
2. Phenomenology- This design focuses on people’s lived experiences. For example, if
we study how students feel during online learning, that’s phenomenology.
3. Ethnography- This studies culture or communities by observing and sometimes
joining their daily life. For example, living with a tribe to understand their traditions.
4. Grounded Theory- This develops theories based on patterns in the data. Instead of
starting with a theory, the theory comes from the research itself.
5. Historical - This design studies past events to explain the present or predict the
future. For example, studying past pandemics to understand today’s responses
.6. Narrative - This focuses on stories of people. For example, collecting life stories of
survivors to learn from their experiences.
-HISTORICAL
QUANTITATIVE
• This type focuses on numbers, statistics, and
measurable data. Instead of describing
experiences, it measures and compares
results. The goal is to test, prove, or find
relationships between variables.
COMMON TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. Experimental Research – This tests cause-and-effect relationships.
-"For example, if we want to know whether a new teaching method
improves grades, we can test it on one group and compare it to another."
• True Experimental Research is the most accurate type because it
uses random selection and control groups to avoid bias
2. Non-Experimental Research – Here, we don’t control the variables, we only
observe them.
3. Descriptive Research describes a population or phenomenon.
For example, a survey on students’ study habits.
COMMON TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
4. Comparative Research compares two or more groups to see
their differences. For example, comparing male and female
students’ performance in math.
5. Correlational Research checks if two things are related. For
example, studying if the number of study hours is related to
exam scores.
6. Quasi-Experimental Research is almost like experimental,
but it lacks full control, such as not having random
assignments.
-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DATA GATHERING PRECEDURE
• The information gathering procedure refers
to the step-by-step process researchers
follow to collect the needed data for their
study. It describes how, when, and from
where the information will be obtained,
making sure that the data is reliable, valid,
and relevant to the research objectives.
Where it is located:
It’s written under the
Methodology/Research Method
chapter of a thesis or research
paper. Sometimes it has its own sub-
section called “Data Gathering
Procedure” or “Procedure of Data
Collection.”
four-step systematic process for
gathering data in research:
1. Define the research aim
2. Choose a method of data
collection
3. Plan data collection procedures
4. Collect the data
Step 1:
Define the Research Aim Clearly formulate
your problem statement—what you aim to
address and why it matters. Determine
whether the aim is quantitative (statistical
measurement), qualitative (exploring
experiences/meanings), or mixed (both
approaches)
Step 2:
Choose Your Data Collection Method Select
the method(s) that best align with your
research questions and data type needed:
Quantitative: experiments, surveys,
observations Qualitative: interviews, focus
groups, ethnographies Mixed methods often
combine both to cover breadth and depth
Step 3:
Plan Your Data Collection Procedures • Operationalization
Translate abstract concepts into measurable variables. E.g.,
measure "managerial leadership" using Likert-scale survey items
rated by managers and employees • Standardizing Procedures If
multiple data collectors are involved, prepare a manual of
standardized protocols to ensure consistency and reduce bias.
Promotes reliability and replicability • Data Management
Planning Plan how data will be stored, anonymized, entered, and
backed up. Ensure confidentiality, avoid data loss, and minimize
transcription or entry errors
Step 4:
Collect the Data Follow your planned
methods—e.g., conduct surveys, administer
interviews, observe in context. Implement
best practices: record details (such as
calibration info), double-check manual
entries, and evaluate reliability and validity
(especially for quantitative data)
Additional Process Guidance
Three-Phase Structure (before, during, after) Before: develop, validate, and pilot
instruments; secure permissions; train staff; obtain informed consent During:
give clear participant instructions and administer tools or treatments After:
encode, archive, safeguard confidentiality, and perform preliminary analysis •
Ethics & Trustworthiness (especially qualitative) Secure informed consent,
respect anonymity, confidentiality, privacy, and protect vulnerable groups For
qualitative data: transcribe, code, identify themes, and ensure credibility,
transferability, dependability, confirmability • Data Integrity Measures (QA/QC)
Quality assurance: prevent errors through protocol standardization and training
Quality control: detect and fix errors during and after data collection
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS
• Data gathering instruments are essential
tools used in research to collect accurate
and meaningful data. These instruments
enable researchers to gather information,
test hypotheses, and answer research
questions. Data gathering instruments are
methods or tools used to collect data or
information in research or studies.
Where is it located?
You can locate data gathering
instruments in research studies,
online databases, survey
platforms, research websites,
libraries, and academic
publications.
EXAMPLE OF DATA GATHERING
INSTRUMENTS:
1. Surveys/Questionnaires: Tools with structured questions to collect self-
reported data from respondents.
2. Interviews: Conversations between researcher and participant to gather
in-depth information.
3. Observations: Systematic watching and recording of behaviors, events, or
phenomena.
4. Focus Groups: Group discussions led by a moderator to gather diverse
perspectives.
5. Experiments: Controlled studies to test cause-and-effect
relationships between variables.
INTERVIEW
Researcher: “Can you tell me about your study habits?”
Participant: “I usually study at night because it’s quieter.”
Researcher: “How many hours do you usually study?”
Participant: “Around two hours on weekdays, but more on weekends.”
Researcher: “What subject do you find most challenging?”
Participant: “Math is the hardest for me, but I try to practice every day.”
SUMMARY
Research design serves as the blueprint of a study—it guides how
data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. There are two
main designs: qualitative, which seeks to understand experiences
and perspectives through words and observations, and
quantitative, which focuses on measurable data, numbers, and
statistics to test and prove relationships. In every research, the data
gathering procedure is usually explained in the Methodology
section. It details how researchers define their aim, choose
collection methods, plan the procedures, and actually gather the
data. Meanwhile, data gathering instruments like surveys,
interviews, observations, focus groups, and experiments are the
tools that make this process possible.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT:
Learning and understanding these concepts is
essential because:
They provide direction — a clear design avoids
confusion and ensures research stays organized.
They ensure accuracy — proper procedures and
instruments make findings reliable and valid.
They save time and resources — researchers know
exactly what to do and how to do it.
They strengthen credibility — well-structured research
builds trust in the results.
Simply put, knowing research design, procedures, and
instruments equips us with the skills to conduct
systematic, ethical, and effective research.
Thank You for
Attentive Listening,
Everyone!