Classification of elements and
periodicity in properties
Chapter 3
OBJECTIVES
MENDE LEEV’S PERIODIC LAW
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH
ATOMIC NUMBER > 100
DIVISION OF PERIODIC TABLE
ATOMIC RADIUS
“ The Physical and
Chemical
Mendelee
properties are v’s
periodic function Periodic
of atomic weight.” Law
Long Form of Periodic Table
This table is based on increase in atomic number from left
to right .The horizontal rows formed are called as Periods
and vertical columns formed are called as Groups or
family.
Modern Periodic Law : “The Physical and
chemical properties of the elements are periodic function
of the atomic number.
VIDEO TO SHOW MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
[Link]
v=bKKJkxqIg94
Groups : Rows from top to Bottom
• Long Form
IA sub group ofmetals
is Alkali Periodic Tableconfiguration
with electronic or Bohr’s ns . 1
2A sub group is Alkaline Earth metals with electronic configuration
ns .
2 P. Table
3A sub group is Boron family with electronic configuration ns2 np1.
IV A sub group is Carbon family with electronic configuration ns2
np2.
VA sub group is Nitrogen family with electronic configuration
ns2 np3.
VI A sub group is Oxygen or chalcogen family with electronic
configuration ns2 np4.
VII A sub group is Halogen family with electronic configuration ns2
np5.
Last column is Noble gas family with electronic configuration ns2
np6.
Transition metals are IB to VIII B with electronic configuration (n-1)
d 1-10 ns 0-2.
Inner transition elements are with electronic configuration (n-2) f
1-14
(n-1) d 0-1 ns2.
Nomenclature OF ELEMENTS WITH
ATOMIC NUMBER > 100
Nomenclature for undiscovered elements is
derived directly from the atomic number of the
element using the numerical roots for 0 and
numbers 1-9.
The roots are put together in order of digits
which make the atomic number and “ium” is
added at the end.
Thus new elements first get a temporary name
with symbol containing three letters.
DIVISION OF PERIODIC
TABLE
The periodic table is divided into 4 blocks mainly the s-block p-
block d-block and f-block.
S-block:-
• The elements of Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline
earth metals) which have ns1 and ns2 outermost electronic
configuration belong to the s-Block Elements.
• They are all reactive metals with low ionization enthalpies.
• They lose the outermost electron(s) readily to form 1+ ion in the
case of alkali metals or 2+ ion in the case of alkaline earth metals.
• The metallic character and the reactivity increase as we go down
the group. Because of high reactivity they are never found pure in
nature.
• The compounds of the s-block elements, with the exception of
those of lithium and beryllium are predominantly ionic.
P-block
• The p-Block Elements comprise those belonging to Group 13 to 18 and
these together with the s-Block Elements are called the
Representative Elements or Main Group Elements.
• The outermost electronic configuration varies from ns2np1 to ns2np6 in
each period.
• At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence
shell ns2np6 configuration.
• All the orbitals in the valence shell of the noble gases are completely
filled by electrons and it is very difficult to alter this stable arrangement
by the addition or removal of electrons.
• The noble gases exhibit very low chemical reactivity.
• Preceding the noble gas family are two chemically important groups of
non-metals. They are the halogens (Group 17) and the chalcogens
(Group 16).
• The non-metallic character increases as we move from left to right across
a period and metallic character increases as we go down the group
d-block:
• Elements in which the last electron enters the
d-orbitals are called the d-block elements.
• General electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-10ns0-2 .
Properties:-
Shows catalytic properties
forms coloured ions
shows paramagnetic properties
forms complexes
• They are often referred to as transition metals as they
are placed between metals and non metals and also
due to their characteristic feature.
f-block:
• Elements in which last electron enters the f-orbital are
called the f-block elements.
• General electronic configuration is ns2(n-1)d0-1(n-2)f1-10.
• Inner transition metals are known as f-block elements.
• They have incomplete d-orbital electronic confg in their
normal state and in their oxidation state.
• They are generally radioactive.
Assign the position of the element having outer
electronic configuration ,
(i) ns2np4 for n=3
(ii)(n-1)d2ns2 for n=4
(iii)(n-2)f7(n-1)d1ns2 for n=6
Trends in physical properties
We will be studying,
Atomic radius
Ionic radius
Ionisation enthalpy
Electron gain enthalpy
Electronegativity
Oxidation states
Chemical reactivity
ATOMIC RADIUS
Atomic Radii : Atomic radii is the
distance from the centre of the nucleus
to the outer most shell containing
electrons.
There are three type of atomic Radii
Covalent Radii Vander walls Radii Metallic radii
COVALENT RADIUS
One-half the distance between the nuclei of
two covalently bonded atoms .
Vander Waal’s Radii
It is defined as One-half the distance between the nuclei
of two identical non-bonded isolated atoms or two
adjacent identical atoms belonging to two neighbouring
molecules of an element in the solid state.
METALLIC RADIUS
Atomic radius
The atomic size generally
decreases across a period as for
the elements of the second
period.
It is because within the period
the outer electrons are in the
same valence shell and the
effective nuclear increases as the
atomic number increases.
This results in increased
attraction between nucleus and
the electron
Atomic radius decreases from left
to right as principal quantum
number increases.
It also increases down a group as
the number of shells increase.
Variation of atomic size to
Atomic number to that of alkali
metals
Ionic radius
The removal of an electron from an atom
results in the formation of a cation,
whereas gain of an electron leads to an
anion.
A cation is always smaller than its parent
atom while a anion is always greater to
its parent atom.
This is due to electron electron
repulsion.
Isoelectronic species are those species
which have Two or more species with
same number of atoms, same number of
valence electrons and same structure,
regardless of the nature of elements
involved.
The cation with the greater positive
charge will have a smaller radius
because of the greater attraction of the
electrons to the nucleus. Anion with the
greater negative charge will have the
larger radius. In this case, the net
repulsion of the electrons will outweigh
the nuclear charge and the ion will